Abstract

Reliable energy storage is critical for sustainable power systems, particularly in academic environments where interruptions can disrupt teaching and research. Tubular lead-acid batteries, widely adopted for their affordability and robustness, often face reduced lifespan due to inadequate maintenance and poor monitoring practices. With the advent of digital technologies, battery management can now integrate real-time monitoring, predictive diagnostics, and automated alerts to improve efficiency and reliability. A three-phase framework—data collection and modeling, performance evaluation, and economic benchmarking—ensured coherence and reproducibility. Monocrystalline PV modules (220–330W, 18–20% efficiency) were mounted at a 7° tilt for optimal irradiance in Southern Nigeria, supported by passive cooling. A 60A MPPT charge controller and a 1kW pure sine wave inverter were modeled with high efficiency and protective features. Battery protocols were developed for both tubular lead-acid and LiFePO? types, balancing monitoring, maintenance, and cost quantification to maximize reliability, performance, and lifespan in academic settings. The results show clear differences between tubular lead-acid and LiFePO? batteries in maintenance, cost, and performance. Tubular systems demand weekly checks, monthly charging, and quarterly testing, totaling about 156 labor hours per year, compared to just 24 hours per year for LiFePO? with automated BMS monitoring. Results further indicate that incorporating digital monitoring reduces downtime, enhances predictive maintenance, and extends battery life. The study demonstrates that digital integration provides a cost-effective and sustainable framework for academic institutions, particularly in resource-constrained contexts.