Wikipedia

MDMA

Endrika:Infobox drug Ny 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA ), [note 1] fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe ecstasy ( E ) na molly, dia zava-mahadomelina psychoactive ampiasaina indrindra amin'ny fialam-boly.[3] Ny vokatra irina dia ahitana ny fiovan'ny fahatsapana, ny fitomboan'ny angovo, ny fangorahana, ary koa ny fahafinaretana.[3][4] Rehefa raisina am-bava dia manomboka miasa ao anatin'ny 30 ka hatramin'ny 45 minitra ary maharitra 3 ka hatramin'ny 6 ora.[5][6]

Anisan'ny voka-dratsy ny fiankinan-doha, ny olana amin'ny fitadidiana, ny paranoia, ny fahasarotana amin'ny torimaso, ny fikikisana nify, ny fahitana manjavozavo, ny hatsembohana ary ny fitempon'ny fo haingana.[4] Nisy tatitra momba ny fahafatesana vokatry ny fiakaran'ny hafanan'ny vatana sy ny tsy fahampian-drano.[4] Matetika ny olona aorian'ny fampiasana azy dia mahatsiaro ho ketraka sy reraka.[4] Ny fiasan'ny MDMA dia amin'ny fampitomboana ny fiasan'ny neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine ary noradrenaline any amin'ny faritra sasany ao amin'ny atidoha.[4][6] Anisan'ny sokajin-drongony amphetamine soloina izy io ary manana fiantraikany manaitaitra sy manaitra ny saina.[7]

Tsy ara-dalàna ny MDMA any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena [4][8] ary, hatramin'ny taona 2018, dia tsy misy fampiasana ara-pitsaboana ekena.[9] Misy tranga manokana voafetra indraindray ho an'ny fikarohana.[6] Manadihady ireo mpikaroka raha toa ka mety hanampy amin'ny fitsaboana ny fikorontanan'ny adin-tsaina aorian'ny trauma (PTSD) mafy sy tsy voatsabo ny MDMA amin'ny alàlan'ny fitsapana ara-pitsaboana dingana faha-3 mba handinihana ny fahombiazana sy ny fiarovana izay antenaina hanomboka amin'ny taona 2018.[10] Tamin'ny taona 2017, ny FDA dia nanome ny MDMA mari-pahaizana momba ny fitsaboana mandroso [note 2] ho an'ny PTSD, midika izany fa raha toa ka mampiseho fanantenana ny fanadihadiana, dia mety hitranga haingana kokoa ny famerenana ny mety ho fampiasana ara-pitsaboana.[14]

Novolavolain'ny Merck voalohany tamin'ny 1912 ny MDMA.[15] Nampiasaina hanatsarana ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1970 ary lasa nalaza ho fanafody eny an-dalambe tamin'ny taona 1980.[4][6] Matetika ny MDMA dia mifandray amin'ny fety fandihizana, raves, ary mozika dihy elektronika.[16] Azo afangaro amin'ny akora hafa toy ny ephedrine, amphetamine, ary methamphetamine izy io.[4] Tamin'ny taona 2016, olona 21 tapitrisa eo ho eo, eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 64 taona, no nampiasa ecstasy (0.3%-n'ny mponina eran-tany).[17] Mitovy amin'ny isan-jaton'ny olona mampiasa kôkainina na amphetamine izany, saingy ambany noho ny cannabis na opioids.[17] Any Etazonia, hatramin'ny taona 2017, eo amin'ny 7% eo ho eo ny olona efa nampiasa MDMA tamin'ny fotoana iray teo amin'ny fiainany ary 0.9% no efa nampiasa izany tao anatin'ny herintaona.[18]

References

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  1. ↑ "Nephrotoxic effects of designer drugs: synthetic is not better!". Nature Reviews. Nephrology 10 (6): 314–24. June 2014. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2014.44. PMID 24662435.
  2. ↑ "DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Archived from the original on 3 Desambra 2014. Retrieved 2 Desambra 2014. Endrika:Webarchive
  3. 1 2 "3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives". Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation 4: 83–99. 2013. doi:10.2147/SAR.S37258. PMC 3931692. PMID 24648791. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3931692.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Anderson, Leigh, ed. (18 Mey 2014). "MDMA". Drugs.com. Drugsite Trust. Archived from the original on 23 Martsa 2016. Retrieved 30 Martsa 2016.
  5. ↑ Freye, Enno (28 July 2009). “Pharmacological Effects of MDMA in Man”, Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs. Springer Netherlands. DOI:10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_24, 151–160.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Febroary 2016. Archived from the original on 23 Martsa 2016. Retrieved 30 Martsa 2016.
  7. ↑ Freye, Enno (2009). Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs: A comprehensive review on their mode of action, treatment of abuse and intoxication (in en). Springer Science & Business Media.
  8. ↑ Patel, Vikram (2010). Mental and neurological public health a global perspective, 1st, San Diego, CA: Academic Press/Elsevier.
  9. ↑ "Ecstasy as a Remedy for PTSD? You Probably Have Some Questions.". 1 May 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/01/us/ecstasy-molly-ptsd-mdma.html.
  10. ↑ "Progress and promise for the MDMA drug development program". Psychopharmacology 235 (2): 561–571. February 2018. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4779-2. PMID 29152674.
  11. ↑ "CBS proclaims 'cancer breakthrough' – doesn't explain what FDA means by that term". Health News Review. 13 May 2016. http://www.healthnewsreview.org/2016/05/cbs-proclaims-cancer-breakthrough-doesnt-explain-what-fda-means-by-that-term/. Endrika:Webarchive
  12. 1 2 "FDA's Expedited Approval Mechanisms for New Drug Products". Biotechnology Law Report 34 (1): 15–37. February 2015. doi:10.1089/blr.2015.9999. PMC 4326266. PMID 25713472. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4326266.
  13. ↑ "Fact Sheet: Breakthrough Therapies". United States Food and Drug Administration. 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017. A breakthrough therapy is a drug:
    Endrika:Bullintended alone or in combination with one or more other drugs to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and
    Endrika:Bullpreliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development.     Endrika:Webarchive
  14. ↑ "Ecstasy could be 'breakthrough' therapy for soldiers, others suffering from PTSD". 26 August 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/ecstasy-could-be-breakthrough-therapy-for-soldiers-others-suffering-from-ptsd/2017/08/26/009314ca-842f-11e7-b359-15a3617c767b_story.html.
  15. ↑ "The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents". Addiction 101 (9): 1241–1245. August 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01511.x. PMID 16911722. http://www.thedea.org/docs/2006_Freudenmann_22846_1.pdf. Retrieved 30 July 2020. "Although MDMA was, in fact, first synthesized at Merck in 1912, it was not tested pharmacologically because it was only an unimportant precursor in a new synthesis for haemostatic substances."
  16. ↑ World Health Organization (2004). Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence. World Health Organization, 97–.
  17. 1 2 (June 2018) World Drug Report 2018. United Nations.
  18. ↑ "MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  1. ↑ The term MDMA is a contraction of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine; it is also known as ecstasy (shortened to "E", "X", or "XTC"), mandy, and molly.[1][2]
  2. ↑ The FDA's "breakthrough therapy" designation is not intended to imply that a drug is actually a "breakthrough" or that there is high-quality evidence of treatment efficacy for a particular condition;[11][12] rather, it allows the FDA to grant priority review to drug candidates if preliminary clinical trials indicate that the therapy may offer substantial treatment advantages over existing options for patients with serious or life-threatening diseases.[12][13]
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