Secondary osteoporosis, in which medication use and chronic medical conditions contribute to bone fragility, is a common but under-recognized form of the disease. In this Review, Paccou et al. discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of secondary osteoporosis, together with key areas for future research.

The need to consider factors beyond BMI to accurately assess metabolic dysfunction when diagnosing and treating obesity is increasingly recognized. In this Perspective, Lim and colleagues advocate for an approach to assessments for obesity in Asian populations that takes ethnicity-specific factors into account.

In this Review, the authors discuss advances in imaging and treatment that are improving outcomes for patients with diabetic retinopathy. The authors also discuss technological advances in areas such as remote monitoring and telehealth that could expand access to care for these patients.

Treatments are now available that target the specific neurobiological pathways underlying vasomotor symptoms, which is an important advance in the management of menopause. This Review outlines the current understanding of these pathways, charts the translation of preclinical work to clinical studies and discusses how mechanism-based interventions have evolved.

Infants exposed to hypoglycaemia are at risk of neuroglycopenia and long-term neurodisability. Individuals with congenital hyperinsulinism provide a unique opportunity to gain insights into relevant biological pathways and outcomes. Such insights could transform clinical care for infants at risk of hypoglycaemia from a variety of genetic and environmental aetiologies.

Medications based on glucagon-like peptide 1 pathways are an efficient drug treatment for people with obesity, often eliciting rapid and pronounced weight loss. However, concerns have been raised regarding accelerated muscle wasting and sarcopenia. Here, we discuss some of the latest research in this area.