Fig. 2

Charge–discharge curves of an all vanadium RFB using 0.5 M VOSO₄ in 2 M H₂SO₄ and sulfonated polyethylene membrane. Electrode area = 90 cm²; charging current density = 15 mA cm⁻²; The discharge process used a 1 Ω resistor and the average discharge current density = 6 mA cm⁻². Adapted from Ref. [16] with permission