Tupian languages
Iyalin yaren Tupi ko Tupi sun ƙunshi harsuna 70 da ake magana a Kudancin Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da su shine Tupi da Guarani.
| Tupian languages | |
|---|---|
| Linguistic classification |
|
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | tup |
| Glottolog | tupi1275[1] |
Gida da Urheimat
gyara sashe6Rodrigues (2007) yayi la'akari da Proto-Tupian Urheimat a wani wuri tsakanin kogin Guaporé da Aripuanã, a cikin Kogin Madeira . ://=[permanent dead link] o#cite_note-SouthAmerica-1 [1]] Yawancin wannan yanki ya dace da jihar Rondônia ta zamani, Brazil. Biyar daga cikin rassan Tupian goma suna samuwa a wannan yanki, da kuma wasu yarukan Tupi-Guarani (musamman Kawahíb), yana mai da shi mai yiwuwa Urheimat na waɗannan yarukan kuma watakila na mutanen da ke magana. Rodrigues ya yi imanin cewa yaren Proto-Tupian ya samo asali ne daga kusan 3,000 BC.
Tattaunawar harshe
gyara sasheHarsunan Tupian sun yi tasiri sosai ga iyalai da yawa a Kudancin Amurka. Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guato, Irantx, Jivaro, Karib, Kayuvava, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Trumai, Yanomami, Harakmbet, Katukina-Katawixi, Arawak, Bororo, Karaja, Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru, Takana, Nadahup, da iyalan yaren Puinave-Kak saboda hulɗa.
Tarihi, mambobi da rarrabuwa
gyara sasheLokacin da Portuguese suka isa Brazil, sun gano cewa duk inda suka tafi tare da babban bakin tekun Kudancin Amurka, yawancin 'yan asalin suna magana da irin wannan harsuna. Masu wa'azi na Jesuit sun yi amfani da waɗannan kamanceceniya, suna tsara ka'idojin gama gari sannan ake kira línguas gerais ("harsuna na gaba ɗaya"), waɗanda ake magana a wannan yankin har zuwa karni na 19. Mafi sanannun kuma mafi yawan magana da waɗannan harsuna shine Tsohon Tupi, zuriyar zamani wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau ta 'yan asalin yankin Rio Negro, inda aka sani da Nheengatu ([ɲɛʔẽŋaˈtu]), ko kuma "harshe mai kyau". Koyaya, dangin Tupi sun haɗa da wasu harsuna.
A cikin yankunan Ni_language" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Spanish language">Mutanen Espanya da ke makwabtaka, Guarani, wani yaren Tupian da ke da alaƙa da Tsohon Tupi, yana da irin wannan tarihin, amma ya sami nasarar tsayayya da yaduwar Mutanen Espanya fiye da yadda Tupi ya yi tsayayya le Portuguese. A yau, Guarani yana da masu magana da miliyan bakwai, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma na Paraguay. Iyalin Tupian sun hada da wasu harsuna da yawa tare da ƙananan masu magana. Wadannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin da ba daidai ba tare da iyalan Je da Carib, kuma Rodrigues ya haɗa su duka a matsayin dangin Je-Tupi-Carib.
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)
gyara sasheRodrigues & Cabral (2012) sun lissafa rassa goma na Tupian, wanda ya taru a cikin Yammacin Tupian da Gabashin Tupian. A cikin Yammacin da Gabashin Tupian, an lissafa rassan da suka fi bambanta da farko, sannan manyan rassan.
Meira da Drude (2015) sun sanya reshe da ke haɗa Mawé da Aweti tare da Tupi-Guarani, wanda aka fi sani da Maweti-Guarane . [2] Purubora na iya samar da reshe tare da Ramarama.
Jolkesky (2016)
gyara sasheRarrabawar ciki ta Jolkesky (2016):
Kalmomin kalmomi
gyara sasheLoukotka (1968) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci masu zuwa.[3]
manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tupi1275
|chapterurl=missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. - ↑ Meira, Sérgio and Sebastian Drude (2015). "A preliminary reconstruction of proto-Maweti-Guarani segmental phonology". Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, série Ciências Humanas, 10(2):275–296. doi:10.1590/1981-81222015000200005
- ↑ Empty citation (help)