Peccary

Peccaries (kuma Javelinas ko alade skunk) sune aladu-kamar ungulates na dangin TayasSuidae (Sabon Duniya aladu). Ana samun su a ko' Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin, Trinidad a cikin Caribbean, da kuma yankin kudu maso yamma Arewacin Amurka. Peccaries yawanci suna auna tsakanin 90 da 130 ft 11 in da 3 in) a tsawon, kuma cikakkiyar girma yawanci tana da nauyin kimanin 20 zuwa 40 . Suna wakiltar dangi mafi kusa na dangin Suidae, wanda ya ƙunshi aladu da dangi. Tare Tayassuidae da Suidae an haɗa su a cikin suborder Suina a cikin tsari Artiodactyla (matsayi masu yatsunsu).

Peccary
Scientific classification
Class	Mammalia (mul)
Order	Artiodactyla (mul)
dangi	Tayassuidae Palmer, 1897
Geographic distribution
General information
Tsatso	peccary (en)

Peccaries halittu ne na zamantakewa waɗanda ke zaune a cikin garken. Suna cin komai kuma suna cin tushen, grubs, da sauran abinci iri-iri. Suna iya gane juna ta hanyar wari mai karfi. Wani rukuni na peccaries da ke tafiya da zama tare ana kiransu squadron. Wani rukuni na peccaries matsakaici tsakanin mambobi shida zuwa tara. Suna haihuwa a duk shekara zuwa matsakaicin yara biyu.

Peccaries sun fara bayyana a Arewacin Amurka a lokacin Miocene kuma sun yi ƙaura zuwa Kudancin Amurka a zamanin Pliocene-Pleistocene a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Musayar Amurka.

Lokacin da biyun suka faru a cikin daji a cikin irin wannan kewayon, galibi ana rikitar da su tare da aladu na gida, wanda aka fi sani da aladu "razorback" a sassa da yawa na Amurka.

Maya suna kiwon garken peccaries, suna amfani da su a cikin al'ada da kuma abinci. Ana kiyaye su a matsayin dabbobi a kasashe da yawa ban da kiwon su a gonaki a matsayin tushen abinci.

Magana

Kalmar peccary ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Carib pakira ko paquira .

A cikin Portuguese, ana kiran peccary pecari, porco-do-mato, queixada, tajaçu, da sauran sunaye kamar Cateto ko Caititu. A cikin Mutanen Espanya, ana kiranta javelina, jabalí (kalma da aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana Alade na daji), sajino, ko pecarí . Kalmar javelina ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Mutanen Espanya don "boar daji". A cikin Guiana da Suriname na Faransa, ana kiran dabbar pakira .

Sunan kimiyya Tayassuidae ya samo asali ne daga wannan tushe kamar tajaçu na Portuguese.

Halaye

Gashin kai na naman alade (hagu) da fararen bakinsa (dama): Lura yadda canines na sama na peccary ke ƙasa.

Pecary dabba ce mai matsakaici, tare da kamani mai ƙarfi da alade. Kamar alade, yana da hanci wanda ya ƙare a ciki cartilaginous disc da idanu waɗanda suke da ƙananan dangi ga kansa. Hakanan kamar alade, yana amfani da lambobi biyu na tsakiya kawai don tafiya, kodayake, ba kamar aladu ba, sauran yatsunsu na iya kasancewa gaba ɗaya. Ciki ba ya cin abinci. Kodayake yana da ɗakuna uku, ya fi rikitarwa fiye da na aladu.[1] Peccaries sune masu fermenters (alkama sune masu fermentors na hindgut). [2] Wannan fermentation na foregut, mai kama da amma daban ya samo asali ne daga ruminant, misali ne na juyin halitta mai haɗuwa.

Peccaries suna cin komai kuma za su ci kwari, grubs, kuma a wasu lokuta kananan dabbobi, kodayake abincin da suka fi so ya kunshi tushen, ciyawa, tsaba, 'ya'yan itace, da cacti - musamman pear mai ƙanshi. Ana iya rarrabe aladu da peccaries ta hanyar halaye da yawa, gami da wutsiyoyi da siffar kunne. Kunnen aladu suna da girma kuma suna tsaye kuma galibi suna nunawa yayin da kunnuwan peccaries suna da ƙananan kuma suna da zagaye. Aladu kuma suna da wutsiyoyi masu tasseled, amma wutsiyoyi na peccaries ƙananan ne kuma masu hankali.

Bambanci mafi mahimmanci tsakanin aladu da peccaries shine siffar hakoran canine, ko ƙuƙwalwa. A cikin aladu na Turai, ƙashin ƙusa da tsawo kuma suna juyawa a kansu, yayin da a cikin peccaries, ƙashin ba su da tsawo da madaidaiciya kuma suna haɗuwa da juna, suna hana motsi na gefe-gefe na jaw. An daidaita ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa da ƙuƙwasawa don murkushe tsaba mai ƙarfi da yanka cikin tushen shuke-shuke, kuma suna amfani da ƙuchu don kare kansu daga masu cin nama. Tsarin hakora don peccaries shine: 2.1.3.33.1.3.3

Ta hanyar shafa ƙuƙwalwar tare, suna iya yin hayaniya wanda ke gargadi masu cin nama su nisanta kansu.

Peccaries dabbobi ne na zamantakewa, sau da yawa suna samar da garken. Fiye da mutane 100 an rubuta su don garken fararen bakuna guda ɗaya, amma ƙuƙwalwa da Chacoan peccaries yawanci suna samar da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Irin wannan halayyar zamantakewa da alama ita ce halin da ake ciki a cikin ƙwayoyin da ba su da tabbas. Babban peccary (Pecari maximus) na Brazil ya bayyana ba shi da zamantakewa, da farko yana zaune a nau'i-nau'i. Peccaries sun dogara da tsarin zamantakewarsu don kare yankin, karewa daga masu cin nama, daidaita zafin jiki, da kuma hulɗa tare da sauran mambobin jinsin.

Peccaries suna da ƙwayoyin ƙanshi a ƙarƙashin kowane ido da kuma wani a bayansu, kodayake an yi imanin cewa waɗannan ba su da mahimmanci a cikin P. Maximus. Suna amfani da ƙanshin don nuna yankunan garken, waɗanda ke tsakanin hekta 30 zuwa 280 (75 zuwa 700 acres). Har ila yau, suna nuna alamar wasu 'yan garken tare da waɗannan ƙwayoyin ƙanshi ta hanyar shafa juna. Rashin ƙanshi yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta su gane wasu daga cikin garken su, duk da hangen nesa. Rashin idanunsu na iya sa su zama kamar suna caji lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin tserewa. Rashin yana da ƙarfi sosai don mutane su gano shi, wanda ke ba da sunan laƙabi na "zaki".

Nau'o'in

Dabbobi da ke akwai

Ana samun nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda uku (watakila hudu) daga Kudu maso yammacin Amurka ta hanyar Amurka ta tsakiya da kuma Kudancin Amurka da Trinidad, kowannensu a cikin jinsinsu.

• Tayassu
  • White-lipped peccary (T. pecari)
• Catagonus
  • Chacoan peccary (C. wagneri)
• Dicotyles
  • Kayan kwalliya (D. tajacu)

Kayan kwalliya (Dicotyles tajacu), ko kuma "nama mai linzami", yana nufin ƙanshin dabba, yana faruwa ne daga Kudu maso yammacin Amurka zuwa Kudancin Amurka da tsibirin Trinidad. Gashin ya kunshi baƙar fata, launin toka, da gashi mai launin ruwan kasa tare da "ƙwallo" mai launin haske da ke kewaye da kafadu. Suna haihuwar yara a duk shekara, amma galibi tsakanin Nuwamba da Maris, tare da matsakaicin girman litter wanda ya kunshi yara biyu zuwa uku. Ana samun su a wurare da yawa, daga wuraren da ba su da ruwa zuwa gandun daji masu zafi. Kayan kwalliya yana da kyau ga mazaunin da mutane ke damun, kawai yana buƙatar isasshen murfin. Ana iya samun su a cikin birane da gonakin noma a duk faɗin su.

Akwai sanannun jama'a a cikin unguwanni na Phoenix da Tucson, Arizona, inda suke cin abinci a kan tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa da sauran ciyayi masu noma. Har ila yau, akwai yawan mutanen birane har zuwa arewacin Sedona, Arizona, inda aka san su da cika wani wuri mai kama da raccoons da sauran masu cinyewa na birane. A Arizona galibi ana kiransu da sunan Mutanen Espanya "javelinas". Ana samun ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙungiyoyi 8 zuwa 15 na shekaru daban-daban. Suna kare kansu idan sun ji barazana, amma in ba haka ba sukan yi watsi da mutane.

Wani nau'i na biyu, fararen bakinsa (Tayassu pecari), galibi ana samunsa a cikin gandun daji na Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, amma kuma an san shi daga wasu wurare masu yawa kamar gandun daji masu bushe, wuraren ciyawa, mangrove, cerrado, da wuraren bushewar Xerophytic. Babban barazanar rayuwa guda biyu shine sare daji da farauta.

⁷Nau'in na uku, Chaco peccary (Catagonus wagneri), ana samunsa a cikin busassun bishiyoyi ko Chaco na Paraguay, Bolivia, da Argentina. Chacoan peccary yana da bambancin cewa an fara bayyana shi ne bisa ga burbushin halittu kuma an fara tunanin cewa jinsin da ba su da tushe. A shekara ta 1975, an gano dabbar a Yankin Chaco na Paraguay. An san nau'in sosai ga 'yan asalin ƙasar.

Wani nau'i na huɗu wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba, giant peccary (Dicotyles maximus), an bayyana shi daga Amazon na Brazil da arewacin Bolivia ta hanyar masanin ilimin halitta na Dutch Marc van Roosmalen. Kodayake an gano shi kwanan nan, an san shi ga Mutanen Tupi na yankin a matsayin Caitetu munde, wanda ke nufin "babban peccary wanda ke zaune a nau'i-nau'i". An yi la'akari da shi mafi girma, zai iya girma zuwa 1.2 m (4 ft) a tsawon. Fuskarsa gaba ɗaya launin toka ne mai duhu, ba tare da wani ƙuƙwalwa ba. Ba kamar sauran peccaries ba, yana zaune a nau'i-nau'i, ko tare da ɗaya ko biyu. Koyaya, shaidar kimiyya don la'akari da shi a matsayin nau'in da ya bambanta da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta daga baya an yi tambaya, wanda ya jagoranci IUCN don bi da shi a ƙarƙashin ma'anar.

A lokacin Late Pleistocene, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu, Mylohyus da Platygonus, sun bazu a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka (kuma a cikin yanayin Platygonus, Kudancin Amurka), amma sun ƙare a Ƙarshen Pleistocene kusan shekaru 12,000 da suka gabata bayan isowar mutane.

• 
  Collared peccary
• 
  White-lipped peccary
• 
  Chacoan peccary

Halitta da suka ƙare

Bugu da kari, Tayassuidae suna da Tarihin burbushin halittu da aka tabbatar da su sosai, kuma an san nau'ikan halittu da yawa.

• † Egatochoerus? (Ba a san inda yake ba)
• †Perchoerus? (matsayi mara tabbas) (= †Chaenohyus)
• †Simojovelhyus
• †Thinohyus
• †Subfamily Hesperhyinae †Cynorca †Desmathyus †Floridachoerus †Fremdohyus †Hesperhys †Lucashyus[2] †Marshochoerus[2] †Stuckyhyus[2] †Wrightohyus
  • †Cynorca
  • †Rashin jin daɗiRashin tausayi
  • †Floridachoerus
  • †Fremdohyus
  • †Hesperhys
  • †Lucashyus [2]
  • †Marshochoerus [2]
  • †Stuckyhyus [2]Stuckyus
  • †Wrightohyus
• Subfamily Tayassuinae †Brasiliochoerus[3] †Catagonus †Colbertchoerus †Dyseohyus †Macrogenis †Mckennahyus †Mylohyus †Platygonus †Prosthennops †Protherohyus †Skinnerhyus †Stirtonhyus †Tedfordhyus †Webbochoerus †Woodburnehyus
  • †Brasillichoerus
  • †Catagonus
  • †Colbertchoerus
  • †Dyseohyus
  • †Macrogenis
  • †Mckennahyus
  • †Mylohyus
  • †Platygonus
  • †ProsthennopsTsuntsaye
  • †Masu lalataProtherohyus
  • †Skinnerhyus
  • †Stirtonhyus
  • †Tedfordhyus
  • †Webbochoerus
  • †Woodburnehyus

Juyin Halitta

Kodayake wasu takardu daga Tsohon Duniya kamar Turai Miocene Taucanamo an ba da shawarar su zama mambobi ne na Tayussidae, aikin su ga Ƙungiya ba daidai ba ne, tare da nazarin phylogenetic na 2017 wanda ke dawo da Taucanamo a waje da clade wanda ke dauke da suids da peccaries. Tsohon burbushin burbushin peccaries sun fito ne daga farkon Miocene na Arewacin Amurka, tare da nau'in Eocene-Oligocene na Arewacin Amirka Perchoerus, kuma sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su farkon peccary, wanda aka dawo da shi a waje da clade wanda ke dauke da peccaries da suids.

Kodayake ya zama ruwan dare a Kudancin Amurka a yau, peccaries ba su isa can ba har sai kimanin shekaru miliyan uku da suka gabata a lokacin Babban Canjin Amurka, lokacin da aka kafa Isthmus na Panama, wanda ke haɗa Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amirka. A wannan lokacin, da yawa daga cikin dabbobi na Arewacin Amurka - ciki har da peccaries, llamas da tapires - sun shiga Kudancin Amurka, yayin da wasu nau'in Kudancin Amirka, kamar su sloths da opossums, suka yi Yawancin nau'o'in peccary a fadin jinsunan Platygonus da Mylohyus sun kasance a Arewacin Amurka har zuwa lokacin da suka ƙare a ƙarshen Pleistocene. A yau, biyu daga cikin nau'ikan uku sun koma Yankin Neotropical, amma ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta sun shiga arewacin Mexico da kudu maso yammacin Amurka.

Peccaries suna da kamanceceniya da aladu na gaskiya saboda kakanninsu na yau da kullun kuma suna cikin rukuni ɗaya da alade (Suina). Sun kasance a Kudancin Amurka tun zamanin da. Bayanan kimiyya na farko na peccaries a cikin Sabon Duniya yana cikin Brazil a cikin 1547, inda ake kiransu "zaki na daji".

An rubuta cewa an horar da peccaries, an rubuta su, kuma an haife su don abinci da dalilai na al'ada a Yucatán, Panama, kudancin Caribbean, da Colombia a lokacin Conquest. An samo ragowar archaeological na peccaries a Mesoamerica daga zamanin Preclassic (ko Formative) har zuwa nan da nan kafin hulɗar Mutanen Espanya. Musamman, an samo ragowar peccary a wuraren wayewar Olmec na Farko.

Ba a iya amfani da shi ba don kiwon dabbobi na zamani, ba tare da halaye masu dacewa don tsarin da ya dace ba ko kuma tsarin da ya fi dacewa. Peccaries suna buƙatar shekaru mafi girma kafin su iya haihuwa (rabuwa) kuma suna da halin Kisan jarirai.

Dangantaka da aladu

Halin yawan jama'a na hulɗar tsakanin yawan alade da na nau'ikan nau'ikan peccaries guda biyu (ƙwallo mai ƙwanƙwasawa da farin-lipped peccary) ba a sani ba kuma har yanzu ana nazarin su. Kasancewar aladu na daji na iya rage farauta da Jaguars ke yi a kan yawan jama'a, kamar yadda jaguars suna nuna fifiko ga farautar aladu lokacin da suke samuwa.

Manazarta

• Ma'aikatar Wasanni da Kifi ta Arizona - Rayuwa tare da Javelina Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine An adana shi
• Gidajen shakatawa da hanyoyi na Jihar Arizona - Javelina