Wikipedia

Kongo Basin

Basin Kongo ( French: Bassin du Congo) shi ne magudanar ruwa na kogin Kongo. Kogin Kongo yana cikin Afirka ta Tsakiya, a yankin da aka sani da yammacin equatorial Africa. Yankin Basin Kongo wani lokaci ana kiransa da Kongo kawai. Ya ƙunshi wasu dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi a duniya kuma muhimmin tushen ruwa ne da ake amfani da su wajen noma da samar da makamashi. [1]

Kongo Basin
General information
Gu mafi tsayi Karisimbi (mul) Fassara
Yawan fili 1,000,000 km²
Labarin ƙasa
Map
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa 0°N 22°E / 0°N 22°E / 0; 22
Kasa Angola, Burundi, Kameru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango, Gabon, Malawi, Jamhuriyar Kwango, Ruwanda, Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu, Uganda da Zambiya
Flanked by Kogin Congo
Hydrography (en) Fassara
Ruwan ruwa Atlantic Ocean drainage basin (en) Fassara
Course da magudanar ruwa na Kogin Kongo

Dajin da ke cikin Tekun Kwango shi ne dajin mafi girma a Afirka kuma na biyu a girman dajin Amazon, inda yake da hekta miliyan 300 idan aka kwatanta da hekta miliyan 800 na Amazon.[2] Saboda girmansa da bambancinsa, ƙwararru da yawa sun siffanta dajin dajin da ke da mahimmanci don rage sauyin yanayi saboda rawar da yake takawa a matsayin sinadari na carbon. [3] Duk da haka, sare gandun daji da lalatar halittu ta hanyar tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya ƙara damuwa a kan yanayin dajin, wanda hakan zai sa yanayin yanayin ruwa ya zama mai canzawa. [4] Wani bincike na shekarar 2012 ya gano cewa bambancin hazo da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa zai yi mummunan tasiri ga ayyukan tattalin arziki a cikin kwandon shara.

Rubuce-rubuce takwas na Basin Kongo an rubuta su a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya, biyar kuma suna cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya a cikin haɗari (dukansu biyar suna cikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo). Kashi 14 cikin 100 na gandun dajin danshi an keɓe shi a matsayin kariya.[5]

Ilimin Ƙasa

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Basin na Kongo wani babban rami ne a cikin Congo Craton, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu na zamani (Phanerozoic, musamman daga Mesozoic zuwa yanzu) a cikin tsohon ɓangaren ƙasa mai shekaru Archean. Lalacewar Craton ta fara tun daga ƙarshen Cambrian ko farkon Ordovician, ta ci gaba a lokacin Paleozoic, inda aka samu gagarumin lalacewa da kuma unconformity. Sediment ya fara taruwa cikin sauri daga Mesozoic (Triassic) har zuwa yau.[6]

A lokacin Jurassic, akwai tafkin ruwan ɗanɗano a cikin Basin, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon Cretaceous. Daga ƙarshen Cretaceous, haɗin gwiwa da Trans-Saharan seaway ya kawo shigar ruwan teku, wanda ya haɗa Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Tethys. Wannan ya samar da tarin fossils na pollen, ƙananan halittu, da kifaye. A lokacin Cretaceous, bututun kimberlite sun bayyana, wanda ake ganin ya samo asali daga raguwar saurin seafloor spreading na Mid-Atlantic Ridge, kuma su ne tushen lu’ulu’u na yankin.[6][7][8]

A lokacin Cenozoic, tudu a gefen Cuvette Centrale ya katse haɗin teku. A Paleogene, ruwan sama mai yawa ya mai da Basin wurin tabkuna da fadamomi. A Neogene, yanayi ya koma bushewa da fari na lokaci-lokaci, amma daga baya ya dawo da yanayin ruwa mai yawa ta hanyar fluvial deposits.[6]

Waɗannan su ne manyan tsarin sedimentary da aka samu a Basin:[6]

  • Carboniferous/Permian na ƙarshe - Lukuga Formation (Lower Karoo)
  • Triassic na farko zuwa Jurassic na farko - Haute Lueki Formation (Upper Karoo)
  • Jurassic na ƙarshe - Stanleyville Formation
  • Cretaceous na farko - Loia Formation, Kamina Series
  • Cretaceous na ƙarshe - Bokungu Formation, Kwango Series (Nsele Group, Inzia Group)
  • Paleogene - Kwango Formation, Kalahari System, Sables Bateke Series
  • Neogene - Limons Series, Kalahari System, Sables Bateke Series

Bayani

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Hanyar kwarara da kwararon ruwan Kogin Kongo tare da kasashen da aka nuna

Kongo suna ne na gargajiya ga tsakiyar Afirka ta tsakiyar layin hie (equatorial Middle Africa) wacce ke tsakanin Tekun Guinea da Manyan Tabkunan Afirka. Kwararon yana farawa ne a cikin tuddai na tsarin East African Rift tare da shigar ruwa daga kogunan Chambeshi, Uele da Ubangi a sassan sama da kuma Kogin Lualaba mai shayar da wuraren dausayi a sassan tsakiya. Saboda ƙanƙantar shekaru da kuma hauhawa mai ƙarfi na East African Rift a madogaran ruwan, nauyin daskarewar abubuwa na shekara-shekara na kogin yana da girma sosai, amma kwararon ruwan (drainage basin) ya mamaye manyan yankuna masu ƙarancin tuddai a kusan dukkan fadin yankinsa.[9] An siffanta shi galibi ta hanyar tuddai na geological swells ciki har da Bie, Mayumbe, Adamlia, Nile-Congo, East African, da Zambian Swells.[10]

Mutanen Isangi suna rayuwa a kan Kogin Kongo

Kwararon yana ƙarewa ne a inda kogin yake ɓonewa cikin Tekun Guinea a kan Tekun Atlantika. Kwararon yana da jimillar fadin kilomita murabba'i miliyan 3.7 kuma gida ne ga wasu manyan dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (tropical rainforest) da ba a taɓa su ba a duniyar nan, baya ga manyan wuraren dausayi.

Kasashen da ke cikin yankin Kongo gaba daya ko a sashi:

Tarihi

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Mazauna farko na yankin Kwararon Kongo an yi amanna cewa pygmies ne, kuma a wancan lokacin, duku-dukun dazuzzuka da yanayi mai raddah na ruwa sun sa yawan jama'ar yankin ya kasance kaɗan, tare da hana haɓakar al'ummar masu farauta da masu taro (hunter-gatherer), waɗanda ragowar al'adarsu ta tsira har zuwa yau. Daga baya mutanen Bantu suka yi ƙaura zuwa wurin kuma suka kafa Daular Kongo (Kingdom of Kongo).

Bélgiyum, Faransa, da Portugal daga baya sun kafa ikon mulkin mallaka a kan dukkan yankin a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Babban Dokar Taron Berlin (Berlin Conference) na 1885 ta ba da takaitaccen ma'ana ga "kwararon al'ada" na Kongo, wanda ya haɗa da dukkan ainihin kwararon da wasu sauran yankuna. Babban Dokar ta tilasta wa waɗanda suka sanya hannu su kasance tsaka-tsaki a cikin kwararon al'ada, amma ba a girmama wannan ba a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya.

Taswirar Kwararon Kongo na Al'ada

Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya (World Resources Institute) ta kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 80 ne ke zaune a ciki da kuma kewayen Kwararon Kongo.[11]

Masu farauta da taro na Pygmy a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya.

Shuke-shuke da Dabbobi

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Dajin Kongo gida ne ga okapi, giwar dajin Afirka, dorinar ruwa ta pygmy, bongo (barewa), chimpanzee, bonobo da jiminar Kongo (Congo peafowl). Babban dabbar daji mai cin nama a wurin ita ce damisa (leopard), wacce ta fi na takwarorinsu na daji girma saboda rashin gasa daga sauran manyan dabbobi masu cin nama. Kwararon gida ne ga gorilla ta yammacin ƙasa (western lowland gorilla) mai fuskantar haɗarin karewa. A shekara ta 2010, Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya yi gargaɗin cewa gorilla na iya karewa daga babban Kwararon Kongo a cikin tsawon shekaru 15.

Dajin Ruwan Sama na Ituri

Kwararon Kongo shine daji mafi girma a Afirka. Fiye da nau'ikan shuke-shuke 10,000 ne ake iya samun su a ciki da kewaye dajin.[11] Dazuzzukan masu raddah sun mamaye kilomita murabba'i miliyan 1.6.[12] Kwararon Kongo wata muhimmiyar hanya ce ta samun katako na teak na Afirka, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen gina kayan daki da shimfiɗar ƙasa. Kimanin mutane miliyan 40 ne suka dogara da waɗannan dazuzzukan, suna rayuwa a kan hanyoyin rayuwa na gargajiya.

Muhalli da Kariya

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A matakin duniya, dazuzzukan Kongo suna aiki ne azaman huhu na biyu na duniya, takwaran dajin Amazon da ke saurin raguwa. Su babban "ma'ajiyar carbon" (carbon sink) ne, suna kama carbon wanda in ba haka ba zai iya kasancewa carbon dioxide. Kwararon Kongo yana ɗauke da kusan kashi 8% na carbon da ke cikin dazuzzukan duniya. Duk da wannan mahimmancin, yana samun ƙarancin kulawar kimiyya idan aka kwatanta da Amazon ko dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.[13] Idan aka sare waɗannan dazuzzukan, carbon ɗin da suka kama za a sake shi cikin sararin samaniya. Hasashe na sare dazuzzuka na gaba ba tare da tsayawa ba ya kiyasta cewa nan da shekara ta 2050 ayyuka a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo zasu saki kusan adadin carbon dioxide ɗaya da wanda Burtaniya ta fitar a cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata. Wani bincike da masana kimiyya na Burtaniya suka yi a shekarar 2013 ya nuna cewa sare dazuzzuka a cikin dajin ruwan sama na Kwararon Kongo yana raguwa.[14] A cikin 2017, masana kimiyya na Burtaniya sun gano cewa wuraren dausayi na peatlands a cikin Cuvette Centrale, waɗanda suka mamaye jimillar murabba'i 145,500, suna ɗauke da tan biliyan 30 na carbon, ko kuma daidai da shekaru 20 na hayakin man fetur na Amurka.[15][16] A cikin 2021, adadin sare dazuzzuka na dajin Kongo ya ƙaru da kashi 5%.[17]

Aikin sare bishiyoyi na masana'antu a Kwararon Kongo. Daga 2015 zuwa 2019, adadin sare dazuzzuka a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ya ninka sau biyu.[18]

Global Forest Atlas ta kiyasta cewa masana'antar katako ta mamaye hekta miliyan 44 zuwa 66 na daji.[11] Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2019 a cikin Nature Sustainability ya nuna cewa an gina hanyoyi na tsawon mil 54,000 don izinin daji tsakanin 2003 da 2018, wanda ya kai jimillar mil 143,500.[19] An amince da dakatar da sare bishiyoyi a dajin Kongo tsakanin Bankin Duniya da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a watan Mayun 2002. Bankin Duniya ya amince ya samar da dala miliyan 90 na tallafin ci gaba ga Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo tare da sharadin cewa gwamnati ba za ta bayar da wani sabon izini ga kamfanonin katako don cin gajiyar dajin ba. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma haramta sabunta izinin da ake da su a halin yanzu.[20]

Gwamnati ta rubuta sabuwar dokar daji wacce ke buƙatar kamfanoni su saka hannun jari a cikin ci gaban gida da kuma bin tsarin daidaitawa na shekaru 25 na sare bishiyoyi ta hanyar jujjuyawa. Lokacin da aka ba kamfani izini daga gwamnatin tsakiya don yin katako a Kongo, dole ne ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da sarakunan gida da masu mallakar filaye na gado, waɗanda ke ba da izinin cire bishiyoyin don musanya da kayan tallafin ci gaba. A ka'ida, dole ne kamfanonin su biya gwamnati kusan hayar dala miliyan 18 a kowace shekara don waɗannan izinin, wanda ya kamata a mayar da kashi 40% ga gwamnatocin jihohi don saka hannun jari a ci gaban zamantakewar al'ummar gari a wuraren da aka sare bishiyoyin.

A cikin tsarinta na yanzu, Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (Kyoto Protocol) ba ta ba da lada ga abin da ake kira "guji sare dazuzzuka"—tsare-tsaren da ke kare daji daga sarewa. Amma masana kimiyyar yanayi da yawa da masu tsara manufofi suna fatan cewa tattaunawa don mai gurbin Kyoto zai haɗa da irin waɗannan matakan. Idan haka ne, za a iya samun kwarin gwiwa na kudi don kare dazuzzuka. L’Île Mbiye, wani tsibiri ne a cikin Kogin Lualaba a Kisangani, yana cikin wani aiki game da kiyaye tsarin halittun daji, wanda Jami'ar Stellenbosch ke gudanarwa. Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo kuma tana neman faɗaɗa yankin daji da ke ƙarƙashin kariya, wanda take fatan samun diyya ta hanyar kasuwanni masu tasowa (emerging markets) don carbon na daji. Babban kungiyar muhalli ta Kongo da ke aiki don ceton dazuzzuka ita ce wata kungiya mai zaman kanta (NGO) mai suna OCEAN, wacce ke aiki azaman hanyar haɗi tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Greenpeace da ƙungiyoyin al'ummomin gida a cikin yankunan da aka ba da izini.

Manazarta

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Mafarauta Pygmy a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya.
  1. ↑ "Climate Change Impacts on the Congo Basin Region" . WUR . 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2021-09-20.Empty citation (help)
  2. ↑ The State of Forests in the Amazon basin and Southeast Asian (PDF). Brazzaville, Republic of Congo: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA). ISBN 978-92-5-106888-5 . Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  3. ↑ "The Congo Rainforest Is Losing Ability to Absorb Carbon Dioxide. That's Bad for Climate Change" . Pulitzer Center . Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  4. ↑ "The Congo Rainforest Is Losing Ability to Absorb Carbon Dioxide. That's Bad for Climate Change" . Pulitzer Center . Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  5. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Giresse, Pierre (2005-10-01). "Mesozoic–Cenozoic history of the Congo Basin". Journal of African Earth Sciences. Phanerozoic Evolution of Africa. 43 (1): 301–315. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.009. ISSN 1464-343X.
  7. ↑ Caillaud, Alexis; Blanpied, Christian; Delvaux, Damien (2017-08-01). "The Upper Jurassic Stanleyville Group of the eastern Congo Basin: An example of perennial lacustrine system". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 132: 80–98. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.05.002. ISSN 1464-343X.
  8. ↑ Nkere, Buliba J.; Griffin, William L.; Janney, Philip E. (2019-09-01). "Emplacement age of the Tshibwe kimberlite, Democratic Republic of Congo, by in-situ LAM-ICPMS U/Pb dating of groundmass perovskite". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 157: 103502. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.05.010. ISSN 1464-343X.
  9. ↑ Mineral deposits & Earth evolution. Geological Society. 2005. ISBN 978-1-86239-182-6.
  10. ↑ Kadima, E.; Delvaux, D.; Sebagenzi, S. N.; Tack, L.; Kabeya, S. M. (2011). "Structure and geological history of the Congo Basin: an integrated interpretation of gravity, magnetic and reflection seismic data". Basin Research (in Turanci). 23 (5): 499–527. Bibcode:2011BasR...23..499K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00500.x. ISSN 1365-2117. S2CID 53587215.
  11. 1 2 3 "You can't spell Congo without NGO". Africa Reports (in Turanci). 2021-02-28. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":1".
  13. ↑ "About us". Congo Basin Science Initiative (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-03-17.
  14. ↑ "Deforestation in Africa's Congo Basin rainforest slows". BBC News (in Turanci). 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  15. ↑ "World's largest tropical peatland found in Congo basin". the Guardian (in Turanci). 2017-01-11. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  16. ↑ Weston, Phoebe (2020-02-28). "Plan to drain Congo peat bog for oil could release vast amount of carbon". The Guardian (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  17. ↑ "Analysis: The next Amazon? Congo Basin faces rising deforestation threat". Reuters. 11 November 2022.
  18. ↑ Kinver, Mark (2019-09-12). "World 'losing battle against deforestation'". BBC News.
  19. ↑ "Logging road construction has surged in the Congo Basin since 2003". Mongabay Environmental News (in Turanci). 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  20. ↑ "The Fight to Save Congo's Forests". thenation.com. October 22, 2007.
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