Acclimatization
Acclimatization ko acclimatization (wanda kuma ake kira acclimation ko acclimation) shine tsari wanda kwayoyin halitta zasu daidaita zuwa canji a cikin muhallinta (kamar canjin tsayi, zazzabi, zafi, photoperiod, ko pH), yana ba shi damar kula da dacewa a cikin yanayin yanayi daban-daban. Acclimatization yana faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (sa'o'i zuwa makonni), kuma a cikin rayuwar kwayoyin halitta (idan aka kwatanta da daidaitawa, wanda shine juyin halitta, yana faruwa a kan al'ummomi da yawa). Wannan na iya zama abin da ya faru a hankali (misali, lokacin da masu hawan dutse suka hau tsayin daka sama da sa'o'i ko kwanaki) ko kuma a maimakon haka suna iya wakiltar wani yanki na sake zagayowar lokaci-lokaci, kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke zubar da jakin hunturu mai nauyi don neman rigar bazara. Kwayoyin halitta za su iya daidaita yanayin halittarsu, dabi'u, na zahiri, da/ko sifofin sinadarai don amsa canje-canje a muhallinsu.[1] Yayin da ikon daidaitawa zuwa sabon yanayi an rubuta shi da kyau a cikin dubban nau'ikan nau'ikan, masu bincike har yanzu sun san kadan game da yadda da kuma dalilin da ya sa kwayoyin halitta ke hade da hanyar da suke yi.
 Acclimatization | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
biological process (en)  |
Sunaye
gyara sasheHanyoyin
gyara sasheBiochemical
gyara sasheDomin kiyaye aiki a cikin kewayon yanayin muhalli, akwai dabaru da yawa da kwayoyin halitta ke amfani da su don haɓakawa. Dangane da sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi, kwayoyin halitta na iya canza biochemistry na membranes tantanin halitta wanda zai sa su zama masu ruwa cikin yanayin sanyi da karancin ruwa a yanayin zafi ta hanyar kara yawan sunadaran membrane. Dangane da wasu abubuwan damuwa, wasu kwayoyin halitta suna bayyana abubuwan da ake kira sunadaran sunadaran zafi waɗanda ke aiki azaman chaperones na ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna rage ƙima ta hanyar jagorar nadawa da sake dawo da sunadaran. An nuna cewa kwayoyin halittun da suke da girma ko rashin yanayin zafi suna nuni da matakan hutawa masu yawa na sunadaran zafi ta yadda idan aka fallasa su zuwa matsanancin yanayin zafi suna samun sunadaran a shirye. Bayyanar sunadaran girgiza zafi da ƙa'ida na ruwa na membrane biyu ne kawai daga cikin yawancin hanyoyin sinadarai da ƙwayoyin cuta ke amfani da su don haɓaka zuwa sabon yanayi.
Ilimin dabi'a
gyara sasheKwayoyin halitta suna iya canza halaye da yawa da suka shafi ilimin halittar jikinsu don kiyaye aiki a cikin sabbin mahalli. Misali, tsuntsaye sukan kara girman sassan jikinsu don kara karfin jikinsu. Wannan na iya ɗaukar nau'in haɓakar yawan gabobin abinci mai gina jiki ko gabobin da ke haifar da zafi, kamar pectorals (tare da na ƙarshe ya fi dacewa a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan).[4]
Ka'idar
gyara sasheYayin da aka rubuta ƙarfin haɓakawa a cikin dubban nau'ikan halittu, masu bincike har yanzu sun san kadan game da yadda da kuma dalilin da yasa kwayoyin halitta ke haɗuwa ta hanyar da suke yi. Tun lokacin da masu bincike suka fara nazarin haɓakawa, babban hasashe shine cewa duk haɓakawa yana aiki don haɓaka aikin kwayoyin halitta. An san wannan ra'ayin a matsayin hasashe mai fa'ida. Duk da irin wannan tallafin da ake yaɗawa don fa'idar haɓakawa mai fa'ida, ba duk binciken ya nuna cewa haɓakawa koyaushe yana aiki don haɓaka aiki (Duba hasashen haɓaka mai fa'ida). Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke hana hasashe mai fa'ida shi ne cewa babu wani tsadar rayuwa da ke da alaka da haduwar. Koyaya, akwai yuwuwar samun farashi mai alaƙa da haɓakawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da farashin fahimtar yanayin muhalli da daidaita martani, samar da sifofi da ake buƙata don filastik (kamar ƙimar kuzari don bayyana sunadaran girgiza zafi), da ƙimar kwayoyin halitta (kamar haɗin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin filastik masu alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa).
Idan aka ba da gazawar fa'idar haɓakawa mai fa'ida, masu bincike suna ci gaba da neman ka'idar da za ta goyi bayan bayanan da suka dace.
Matsayin da kwayoyin halitta zasu iya daidaitawa ana yin su ne ta hanyar filastik phenotypic ko kuma ikon kwayoyin halitta don canza wasu halaye. Bincike na baya-bayan nan a cikin binciken ƙarfin haɓakawa ya fi mayar da hankali sosai kan juyin halittar filastik phenotypic maimakon amsawar haɓakawa. Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa lokacin da suka fahimci ƙarin fahimtar yadda kwayoyin halitta suka samo asali don haɓakawa, za su fi fahimtar haɓakawa.[5]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ (2009) “Acclimatisation” (n.d.) The Unabridged Hutchinson Encyclopedia Retrieved November 5, 2009 from
- ↑ Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press, archived from the original on May 16, 2001.
- ↑ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, archived from the original on September 25, 2015, retrieved January 31, 2017
- ↑ McKechnie, Andrew E. (2008). "Phenotypic flexibility in basal metabolic rate and the changing view of avian physiological diversity: a review". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 178 (3): 235–247. doi:10.1007/s00360-007-0218-8. ISSN 0174-1578. PMID 17957373. S2CID 28481792.
- ↑ DeWitt, Thomas J.; Sih, Andrew; Wilson, David Sloan (February 1, 1998). "Costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 13 (2): 77–81. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01274-3. PMID 21238209.