Ruby
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ruby
What does it mean when you dream about a ruby?
A gemstone that varies from light pink to deep red, the ruby represents passion, the life force, and prosperity. The deeper and more intense the color, the more precious and expensive the stone.
ruby
[′rü·bē]ruby
ruby
Ruby
(language)1. A relational language designed by Jones and M. Sheeran in 1986 for describing and designing circuits (a hardware description language). Ruby programs denote binary relations and programs are built-up inductively from primitive relations using a pre-defined set of relational operators. Ruby programs also have a geometric interpretation as networks of primitive relations connected by wires, which is important when layout is considered in circuit design.
Ruby has been continually developed since 1986, and has been used to design many different kinds of circuits, including systolic arrays, butterfly networks and arithmetic circuits.
ftp://ftp.cs.chalmers.se/pub/misc/ruby/.
E-mail: <graham@cs.chalmers.se>.
["Ruby - A Language of Relations and Higher-Order Functions", M. Sheeran, Proc 3rd Banff Workshop on Hardware Verification, Springer 1990].
Ruby
(Late Latin rubinus, from the Latin rubeus, “red”), a variety of the mineral corundum (Al2O3) distinguished by the replacement of Al3+ ions by Cr3+ ions (from hundredths of a percent to 2 percent). The quantum transitions between the energy levels of the Cr3+ ions split by the crystal field give rise to the ruby’s red color (in contrast to the lack of color of corundum). The laser emission of ruby in the red part of the visible spectrum is related to the transitions between various levels of the Cr3+ ions, while the action of ruby as a quantum mechanical amplifier of radio waves (maser) is related to transitions between spin states.
The ruby is a precious stone of order I. In the USSR, rubies occur in alluvial deposits in the Central and Southern Urals. Outside the Soviet Union, there are important industrial deposits in Burma, Thailand, and Sri Lanka.
Synthetic rubies, obtained by the same process as that used for corundum (but with the addition of Cr2O3), are used in the jewelry and watchmaking industries. They also find use in quantum electronics as the active element of the maser and of the most common solid-state laser, which gives record energies and powers as well as giant pulses.
REFERENCES
Mineraly: Spravochnik, vol. 2. Moscow, 1965.Rubinisapfir. Moscow, 1974.
A. S. MARFUNIN