Wiktionary

從

See also: 从 and 従
從 U+5F9E, 從
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F9E
← 徝
[U+5F9D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 徟 →
[U+5F9F]

Translingual

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Traditional 從
Shinjitai 従
Simplified 从

Han character

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從 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+8, 11 strokes, Cangjie input 竹人人人人 (HOOOO), four-corner 28281, composition ⿰彳⿱从龰)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 368, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10152
  • Dae Jaweon: page 692, character 14
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 829, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+5F9E

Chinese

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trad. 從
simp. 从*
alternative forms
从
従
𬽡
徔
苁
从
従
𬽡
徔
苁
𠠴 ancient
𠚪 ancient
 

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 從
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
     
Characters in the same phonetic series (从) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
摐 *sʰroːŋ, *sʰloŋ
鏦 *sʰroːŋ, *sʰloŋ
豵 *ʔsloːŋ, *ʔsloŋ
嵸 *ʔsloːŋ, *ʔsloːŋʔ
蓯 *ʔsloːŋʔ
蹤 *ʔsloŋ
縱 *ʔsloŋ, *ʔsloŋs
樅 *ʔsloŋ, *sʰloŋ
磫 *ʔsloŋ
熧 *ʔsloŋ
瘲 *ʔsloŋs
暰 *sʰloŋ
瑽 *sʰloŋ
從 *zloŋ, *zloŋ, *zloŋs
从 *zloŋ
慫 *sloŋʔ
聳 *sloŋʔ
傱 *sloŋʔ

Originally written as 从. Now phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zloŋ, *zloŋ, *zloŋs): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 从 (OC *zloŋ, “follow”).

Etymology 1

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Etymology not certain. Perhaps cognate with Tibetan རྫོང་བ (rdzong ba, “to dispatch; to dismiss”) (Schuessler, 2007). Alternatively, compare Tibetan སྟོངས་པ (stongs pa, “to accompany”), or perhaps 送 (OC *sloːŋs, “to escort; to send”).

Pronunciation 2 is a derivation of pronunciation 1.

Pronunciation 1

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Note: chêng, chn̂g - vernacular, chiông - literary.
Rime
Character 從
Reading # 1/3
Initial (聲) 從 (15)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 疾容切
Baxter dzjowng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/d͡zɨoŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/d͡zioŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/d͡zioŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/d͡zuawŋ/
Li
Rong 		/d͡zioŋ/
Wang
Li 		/d͡zĭwoŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/d͡zʱi̯woŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		cóng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cung4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 從
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		cóng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ dzjowng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[dz]oŋ/
English to follow

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 從
Reading # 2/3
No. 1858
Phonetic
component 		从
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		從
Old
Chinese 		/*zloŋ/
Definitions
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從

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to follow; to come after
    盲從／盲从  ―  mángcóng  ―  to follow blindly
    從師／从师  ―  cóngshī  ―  to follow a teacher and learn from him/her
  2. to comply with; to submit to
    順從／顺从  ―  shùncóng  ―  to submit to; to yield to; to obey
    差點就從了他了！ [MSC, trad.]
    差点就从了他了！ [MSC, simp.]
    Chādiǎn jiù cóng le tā le! [Pinyin]
    (I) nearly gave in to him (and became his girlfriend). (slang)
  3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to follow the principle of
    從寬處理／从宽处理  ―  cóngkuān chùlǐ  ―  to treat leniently
  4. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to join; to be engaged in
    從軍／从军  ―  cóngjūn  ―  to join the army
  5. from (a place or time); since
    他從中國來的。／他从中国来的。  ―  Tā cóng Zhōngguó lái de.  ―  He comes from China.
    火車從隧道裡出來。 [MSC, trad.]
    火车从隧道里出来。 [MSC, simp.]
    Huǒchē cóng suìdào lǐ chūlái. [Pinyin]
    The train comes out of the tunnel.
    你是從哪個國家來的？ [MSC, trad.]
    你是从哪个国家来的？ [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ shì cóng nǎ ge guójiā lái de? [Pinyin]
    Where are you from? (Which country are you from?)
    我們只能從我們的錯誤中學習。 [MSC, trad.]
    我们只能从我们的错误中学习。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒmen zhǐ néng cóng wǒmen de cuòwù zhōng xuéxí. [Pinyin]
    We can learn only from our mistakes.
    這家店從早上9點開到晚上6點。 [MSC, trad.]
    这家店从早上9点开到晚上6点。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè jiā diàn cóng zǎoshàng 9 diǎn kāi dào wǎnshàng 6 diǎn. [Pinyin]
    This shop is open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
    我們從小學三年級就是朋友了。 [MSC, trad.]
    我们从小学三年级就是朋友了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒmen cóng xiǎoxué sān niánjí jiùshì péngyǒu le. [Pinyin]
    We have been friends since the third grade.
  6. through; via; by
    一陣清風從窗口吹來。 [MSC, trad.]
    一阵清风从窗口吹来。 [MSC, simp.]
    Yī zhèn qīngfēng cóng chuāngkǒu chuī lái. [Pinyin]
    A cool breeze came in through the window.
    我每天都從郵局經過。 [MSC, trad.]
    我每天都从邮局经过。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ měi tiān dōu cóng yóujú jīngguò. [Pinyin]
    I go past the post-office every day.
  7. from; according to
    從目前來看／从目前来看  ―  cóng mùqián lái kàn  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  8. (followed by negative) never; ever
    我以前從沒見過她。 [MSC, trad.]
    我以前从没见过她。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ yǐqián cóngméi jiàn guò tā. [Pinyin]
    I have never seen her before
    我從不違約。／我从不违约。  ―  Wǒ cóngbù wéiyuē.  ―  I never break my promise.
  9. 19th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "following" (𝌘)
  10. a surname
Compounds
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Pronunciation 2

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Rime
Character 從
Reading # 3/3
Initial (聲) 從 (15)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 疾用切
Baxter dzjowngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/d͡zɨoŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/d͡zioŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/d͡zioŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/d͡zuawŋH/
Li
Rong 		/d͡zioŋH/
Wang
Li 		/d͡zĭwoŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/d͡zʱi̯woŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zòng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zung6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 從
Reading # 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zòng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ dzjowngH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[dz]oŋ-s/
English follower

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 從
Reading # 3/3
No. 1859
Phonetic
component 		从
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		從
Old
Chinese 		/*zloŋs/
Definitions
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從

  1. (of relatives) paternal (with the same surname)
    從兄／从兄  ―  cóngxiōng  ―  paternal male cousin elder than oneself with the same surname
  2. auxiliary; subsidiary
    從屬／从属  ―  cóngshǔ  ―  subordinate
  3. follower; attendant; entourage
    侍從／侍从  ―  shìcóng  ―  attendant
Compounds
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Descendants
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  • → Korean: 종 (jong, “servant; slave”)

Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Note: literary reading.
Rime
Character 從
Reading # 2/3
Initial (聲) 清 (14)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 七恭切
Baxter tshjowng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sʰɨoŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡sʰioŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sʰioŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sʰuawŋ/
Li
Rong 		/t͡sʰioŋ/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sʰĭwoŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡sʰi̯woŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		cōng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cung1
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 從
Reading # 1/3
No. 1856
Phonetic
component 		从
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		樅
Old
Chinese 		/*zloŋ/

Definitions

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從

  1. only used in 從容／从容 (cóngróng, “calm; at ease”)

Compounds

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Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 從
Reading # 2/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zōng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsjowng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tsoŋ/
English longitudinal

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

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從

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 縱 / 纵 (“straight; vertical”)
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 縱 / 纵 (“to give free rein to”)

Compounds

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Etymology 4

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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從

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 蹤 / 踪 (zōng)

References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai

従

Kyūjitai

從

Kanji

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從

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 従)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

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Korean

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese 從 (MC dzjowng).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 쬬ᇰ (Yale: ccyòng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 조ᄎᆞᆯ 죵 Recorded as Middle Korean 죵 (cywong) (Yale: cyong) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 조ᄎᆞᆯ 죵 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 죵 (Yale: cyong) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

從 (eumhun 좇을 종 (jocheul jong))

  1. hanja form? of 종 (“to follow; to pursue”)
  2. hanja form? of 종 (“to obey; to comply”)
  3. hanja form? of 종 (“from; since”)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese 從 (MC dzjowngH).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 쬬ᇰ〮 (Yale: ccyóng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 결ᄂᆡ 죵 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 죵 (Yale: cyong) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕo̞(ː)ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [종(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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從 (eum 종 (jong))

  1. hanja form? of 종 (“prefix indicating cousinhood”)
    Synonym: 堂 (당 (dang))

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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從: Hán Nôm readings: tòng, tùng, thủng, tuồng, thong, thung, thùng, tồng, tụng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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