Wiktionary

後

See also: 后
後 U+5F8C, 後
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F8C
← 律
[U+5F8B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 徍 →
[U+5F8D]

Translingual

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Stroke order
 

Han character

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後 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+6, 9 strokes, Cangjie input 竹人女戈水 (HOVIE), four-corner 22247, composition ⿰彳⿱幺夊)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 366, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10098
  • Dae Jaweon: page 688, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 822, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+5F8C

Chinese

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trad. 後
simp. 后*
 
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 幺 (“thread”) + 夊 (“foot”) – a foot bound by a rope, thus lagging behind. The component 彳 was added afterwards to emphasize this action.

Note that the simplified form 后 is also a traditional character on its own, with a different meaning.

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwak (“below”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan འོག ('og, “below”), Burmese အောက် (auk, “under; below”) (from Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔok (“lower side; below”)).

Pronunciation

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Note: heu3 - only in 後生.
Note:
  • Sixian:
    • hêu - vernacular;
    • heu - literary.
  • Meixian:
    • hêu1 - vernacular;
    • hêu4 - literary.
Note:
  • âu - vernacular;
  • hâu - vernacular (only in 後生);
  • hâiu - literary.
Note:
  • ao5 - vernacular;
  • hao5 - vernacular (only in 後生);
  • hieo5 - literary.
Note:
  • āu/ǎu - vernacular;
  • hāu/hǎu - vernacular (only in 後生, 後的);
  • hō͘/hiǒ/hiō - literary.
Note:
  • ao6 - vernacular;
  • hao6 - literary.
Note:
  • hou5 - vernacular;
  • hou4 - literary.
    Rime
    Character 後 後
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 侯 (137) 侯 (137)
    Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division (等) I I
    Fanqie 胡口切 胡遘切
    Baxter huwX huwH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦəuX/ /ɦəuH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦəuX/ /ɦəuH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣəuX/ /ɣəuH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦəwX/ /ɦəwH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣuX/ /ɣuH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣəuX/ /ɣəuH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/ɣə̯uX/ /ɣə̯uH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		hòu hòu
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		hau6 hau6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 後 後
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		hòu hòu
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ huwX › ‹ huwH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɢ]ˁ(r)oʔ/ /*[ɢ]ˁ(r)oʔ-s/
    English after put after ?

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 後 後
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 5178 5179
    Phonetic
    component         		後 後
    Rime
    group         		侯 侯
    Rime
    subdivision         		0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		厚 𠋫
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɢoːʔ/ /*ɢoːs/
    Notes 甲文象足受系而遲後（文源）

    Definitions

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    後

    1. behind; rear; back
      後院／后院  ―  hòuyuàn  ―  backyard
      背後／背后  ―  bèihòu  ―  behind
      Antonym: 前 (qián)
    2. later; after; afterwards
      以後／以后  ―  yǐhòu  ―  after
      然後／然后  ―  ránhòu  ―  after, afterwards
      畢業後／毕业后  ―  bìyè hòu  ―  after graduation
      三天後／三天后  ―  sān tiān hòu  ―  after three days
    3. last
      後五名／后五名  ―  hòu wǔ míng  ―  the last five
    4. descendant; offspring
      無後／无后  ―  wúhòu  ―  to lack male offspring
      《南部新書》作者錢易，乃吳越王錢鏐之後。 [MSC, trad.]
      《南部新书》作者钱易，乃吴越王钱镠之后。 [MSC, simp.]
      “Nánbù Xīnshū” zuòzhě Qián Yì, nǎi Wúyuèwáng Qián Liú zhī hòu. [Pinyin]
      Qian Yi, the author of A New Book in the South, is a descendant of Qian Liu, the King of Wuyue.
    5. post-
    6. (literary) anus
      寧為雞口，無為牛後 [MSC, trad.]
      宁为鸡口，无为牛后 [MSC, simp.]
      níngwèijīkǒu，wúwèiniúhòu [Pinyin]
      Better be the beak of a chicken than the anus of an ox (proverb)
    7. a surname

    Compounds

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    Descendants

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    Sino-Xenic (後):
    • → Japanese: 後(こう) (kō); 後(ご) (go)
    • → Korean: 후(後) (hu)
    • → Vietnamese: hậu (後)

    References

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    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    後

    (Second grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. behind, after

    Readings

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    Compounds

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    Etymology 1

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      Kanji in this term
      後
      あと
      Grade: 2
      kun'yomi

      Originally an extension of 跡(あと) (ato, “footprint; leftover”), itself a compound of 足(あ) (a, “foot”) + 所(と) (to, “place”).[1][2][3]

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      後(あと) • (ato) 

      1. (spatially) the back, the rear, behind
        Synonyms: 後ろ, 後方
        子(こ)犬(いぬ)が後(あと)からついてくる。
        Koinu ga ato kara tsuite kuru.
        The puppy will follow behind.
        (literally, “The puppy will follow from the back.”)
      2. (temporally) later time, afterwards, some time after the present
        Synonym: 以後
        後(あと)で連(れん)絡(らく)します。
        Ato de renraku shimasu.
        I'll contact you later.
        会(かい)議(ぎ)の後(あと) ― kaigi no ato ― after the meeting
        1. time after death
          Synonym: 死後
      3. (in order) the next person or thing
        Antonym: 先 (saki)
        名(めい)簿(ぼ)の後(あと)の方(かた) ― meibo no ato no kata ― the next one on the roster
        1. instead, in place of
          お後(あと)は何(なに)にしますか。
          O-ato wa nani ni shimasu ka.
          What are you going to do instead?
        2. successor
          Synonyms: 後継者, 後任
        3. descendants, offspring
          Synonyms: 子孫, 後胤
        4. wife of remarriage
          Synonym: 後妻
      4. the rest; certain part, space or thing left
        あとは頼(たの)んだぞ。
        Ato wa tanonda zo.
        I leave the rest to you.
        1. memory of the deceased; one's virtue that remains after death
          Synonym: 名残
          祖(そ)父(ふ)の後(あと)をしのぶ
          Sofu no ato o shinobu
          be in memory of Grandfather

      Adverb

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      後(あと) • (ato) 

      1. later, after, from now on
        後(あと)三(さん)分(ぷん)で終(しゅう)了(りょう)します。
        Ato san-pun de shūryō shimasu.
        It will end in three minutes.
        (literally, “It will end three minutes later.”)

      Conjunction

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      後(あと) • (ato) 

      1. afterwards, then
        Synonym: それから
        後(あと)、気(き)付(づ)いたことはありませんか。
        Ato, kizuita koto wa arimasen ka.
        Have you ever noticed after that?

      Etymology 2

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        Kanji in this term
        後
        うしろ
        Grade: 2
        kun'yomi
        Alternative spelling
        後ろ (common)
        For pronunciation and definitions of 後 – see the following entry.
        【後うしろ】
        [noun] the back, the behind, the rear (both spatially and temporally)
        [noun] one's backside
        (This term, 後, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)


        Etymology 3

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          Kanji in this term
          後
          おくれ
          Grade: 2
          kun'yomi

          The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 遅れる (okureru, “to be late; to be delayed; to come after something else”). Examples appear from at least the 1300s.[1]

          More commonly spelled with the okurigana.

          Definitions

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          For pronunciation and definitions of 後 – see the following entry.
          【遅おくれ】
          [noun] [from 1914] something later, after, or behind
          [noun] [from 1914] delay, postponement, lag
          [noun] [from 1730] loss, failure, inferiority compared to something else
          [noun] [from late 1300s] uncertainty, nervousness, indecision
          Alternative spellings
          後れ, 遅
          (This term, 後, is an alternative spelling (rare) of the above term.)

          Etymology 4

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            Kanji in this term
            後
            しり
            Grade: 2
            kun'yomi

            Uncommon alternative spelling.

            Definitions

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            For pronunciation and definitions of 後 – see the following entry.
            【尻しり】S
            [noun] behind; the end
            [noun] the rear portion of the body: bottom, buttocks
            [noun] the bottom or underside of an object
            [suffix] suffix in certain surnames
            Alternative spellings
            臀, 㞍
            (This term, 後, is an alternative spelling (less common) of the above term.)

            Etymology 5

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              Kanji in this term
              後
              しりえ
              Grade: 2
              kun'yomi
              Alternative spellings
              後方
              後え

              /siripe/ → /çirife/ → /çirie/

              From Old Japanese. Found in the Nihon Shoki of 720, and phonetically as 志利弊 (siripe1) in the Man'yōshū of 759.[5]

              Compound of 尻 (shiri, “butt, tail, rear”) +‎ 方 (e, “side, facing, way, direction”).

              Pronunciation

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              Noun

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              後(しりえ) • (shirie) ←しりへ (sirife)?

              1. the rear, back, or backside of something
              2. the rearward or backward direction
              3. the portion of a palace where a queen or other female imperial consort lives

              Etymology 6

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                Kanji in this term
                後
                のち
                Grade: 2
                kun'yomi

                From Old Japanese. Ultimate derivation unknown.

                Pronunciation

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                Noun

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                後(のち) • (nochi) 

                1. later, afterwards, some time after the present
                  晴(は)れのち雨(あめ)
                  hare nochi ame
                  rains after sunshine

                Etymology 7

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                  Kanji in this term
                  後
                  ゆり
                  Grade: 2
                  kun'yomi

                  From Old Japanese. Ultimate derivation unknown. May be cognate with より (yori, “from; after”).

                  Pronunciation

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                  Noun

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                  後(ゆり) • (yuri) 

                  1. (obsolete) later, afterwards, some time after the present

                  Etymology 8

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                    Kanji in this term
                    後
                    ご
                    Grade: 2
                    tōon
                    Alternative spelling
                    后

                    From Middle Chinese 後 (huwX, huwH, “after”).

                    Pronunciation

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                    Noun

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                    後(ご) • (go) 

                    1. later, afterwards, some time after the present
                      彼(かれ)は卒業後(そつぎょうご)に結婚(けっこん)します。
                      Kare wa sotsugyōgo ni kekkonshimasu.
                      He is going to get married after the graduation.
                      彼(かれ)は卒業後(そつぎょうご)は大阪(おおさか)の会社(かいしゃ)に勤(つと)めます。
                      Kare wa sotsugyōgo wa Ōsaka no kaisha ni tsutomemasu.
                      He is going to work for a company in Osaka after the graduation.
                      卒業後(そつぎょうご)、彼(かれ)は小学校(しょうがっこう)の先生(せんせい)になった。
                      Sotsugyōgo, kare wa shōgakkō no sensei ni natta.
                      After the graduation, he became a teacher at an elementary school.

                    Suffix

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                    後(ご) • (-go) 

                    1. after

                    Prefix

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                    後(ご) • (go-) 

                    1. latter
                    Usage notes
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                    Used in the regnal and posthumous names of Japanese Emperors whose name was taken from that of a previous sovereign, similar to Western usage of regnal numbers.

                    Etymology 9

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                      Kanji in this term
                      後
                      こう
                      Grade: 2
                      kan'on

                      From Middle Chinese 後 (huwX, “after”). Classified as the kan'on, so likely a later borrowing. Compare modern Mandarin reading hòu.

                      Pronunciation

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                      Prefix

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                      後(こう) • (kō-) 

                      1. prefixing element in kanji compounds, adding a meaning of later, after, following, rearward
                      Usage notes
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                      Only used in compounds. Never used in isolation.

                      References

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                      1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
                      2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
                      3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
                      4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
                      5. ^ “後方・後”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

                      Korean

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                      Etymology

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                      From Middle Chinese 後 (MC huwX).

                      Historical readings
                      Dongguk Jeongun reading
                      Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅘᅮᇢ〯 (Yale: hhwǔw)
                      Middle Korean
                      Text Eumhun
                      Gloss (hun) Reading
                      Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[4] 뒤〯 (Yale: twǔy) 후〯 (Yale: hwǔ)
                      Historical readings

                      Pronunciation

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                      • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸʷu(ː)]
                      • Phonetic hangul: [후(ː)]
                        • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

                      Hanja

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                      Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

                      後 (eumhun 뒤 후 (dwi hu))

                      1. hanja form? of 후 (“after”)
                      2. hanja form? of 후 (“behind”)

                      Compounds

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                      References

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                      • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [5]

                      Vietnamese

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                      Han character

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                      後: Hán Nôm readings: hậu

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