σῶμα

See also: σώμα

Ancient Greek

Of disputed origin:^[1]

Maybe from Proto-Hellenic *twṓmə, from Proto-Indo-European *twoH-mn̥ (“compactness, swelling”), derived from *tewh₂- (“to swell”) + *-mn̥ (“nominal suffix”), and compared with σωρός (sōrós, “heap”). However, as Beekes notes in his entry on σῶς (sôs, “safe, healthy”), such an o-grade formation is rather strange.^[2] Compare, however, ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd”).
Alternatively, from Proto-Hellenic *styṓmə, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tyoH-mn̥ (“what has stiffened”), derived from *styeH- (“to stiffen”) + *-mn̥, and compared with Sanskrit स्त्या (styā, “to flow, get stiff”).^[3]

σῶμᾰ • (sômă) n (genitive σώμᾰτος); third declension

body (both that of people and animals)
1. (Homeric and often in other early works) dead body
One's life in the physical world
That which is material (as opposed to spiritual)
person
An entire thing
(mathematics) three-dimensional object

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ σῶμᾰ tò sômă	τὼ σώμᾰτε tṑ sṓmăte	τᾰ̀ σώμᾰτᾰ tằ sṓmătă
Genitive	τοῦ σώμᾰτος toû sṓmătos	τοῖν σωμᾰ́τοιν toîn sōmắtoin	τῶν σωμᾰ́των tôn sōmắtōn
Dative	τῷ σώμᾰτῐ tōî sṓmătĭ	τοῖν σωμᾰ́τοιν toîn sōmắtoin	τοῖς σώμᾰσῐ / σώμᾰσῐν toîs sṓmăsĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸ σῶμᾰ tò sômă	τὼ σώμᾰτε tṑ sṓmăte	τᾰ̀ σώμᾰτᾰ tằ sṓmătă
Vocative	σῶμᾰ sômă	σώμᾰτε sṓmăte	σώμᾰτᾰ sṓmătă
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	σῶμᾰ sômă	σώμᾰτε sṓmăte	σώμᾰτᾰ sṓmătă
Genitive	σώμᾰτος sṓmătos	σωμᾰ́τοιῐ̈ν sōmắtoiĭ̈n	σωμᾰ́των sōmắtōn
Dative	σώμᾰτῐ sṓmătĭ	σωμᾰ́τοιῐ̈ν sōmắtoiĭ̈n	σώμᾰσῐ / σώμᾰσῐν / σωμᾰ́τεσῐ / σωμᾰ́τεσῐν / σωμᾰ́τεσσῐ / σωμᾰ́τεσσῐν sṓmăsĭ(n) / sōmắtesĭ(n) / sōmắtessĭ(n)
Accusative	σῶμᾰ sômă	σώμᾰτε sṓmăte	σώμᾰτᾰ sṓmătă
Vocative	σῶμᾰ sômă	σώμᾰτε sṓmăte	σώμᾰτᾰ sṓmătă
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ σῶμᾰ tò sômă	τὼ σώμᾰτε tṑ sṓmăte	τᾰ̀ σώμᾰτᾰ tằ sṓmătă
Genitive	τοῦ σώμᾰτος toû sṓmătos	τοῖν σωμᾰ́τοιν toîn sōmắtoin	τῶν σωμᾰ́των tôn sōmắtōn
Dative	τῷ σώμᾰτῐ tōî sṓmătĭ	τοῖν σωμᾰ́τοιν toîn sōmắtoin	τοῖσῐ / τοῖσῐν σώμᾰσῐ / σώμᾰσῐν toîsĭ(n) sṓmăsĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸ σῶμᾰ tò sômă	τὼ σώμᾰτε tṑ sṓmăte	τᾰ̀ σώμᾰτᾰ tằ sṓmătă
Vocative	σῶμᾰ sômă	σώμᾰτε sṓmăte	σώμᾰτᾰ sṓmătă
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σῶς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1440-1
^ Frisk, Hjalmar (1972), “σῶμα”, in Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, pages 842-43