Turned g (lowercase: ᵷ, mathematical symbol: ⅁) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed by rotating g 180°. It is used to transliterate the Georgian letter ჹ. ჹ itself is the Georgian letter გ "g" rotated.
| Turned g | |
|---|---|
| ᵷ ⅁ | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Tabasaran language, Karaim language, Kwakʼwala, multiple phonetic trascriptions |
| Sound values | [ɣ] |
| In Unicode | U+1D77 |
| History | |
| Development | |
| Time period | 1844, 1880, 1892-1921, 1900, 1929, 1959, 1965 |
Usage
edit
In 1844, Bartłomiej Beniowski created his Anti-Absurd or Phrenotypic Alphabet, featuring turned g for the diphthong [aʊ].[1]
In 1880, John Wesley Powell created a phonetic transcription for transcribing Native American languages in publications of the Smithsonian Institution. In the transcriptions, turned letters were used as supplementary characters.[2]
In 1900, turned g was used as a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Association's Exposé des principes to represent a voiceless laminal closed postalveolar sibilant, as found in Adyghe and other Northwest Caucasian languages.[3]
Franz Boas used turned g to represent the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] in his transcription of the Kwakʼwala language, published in American Anthropologist in 1900.[4]
In 1921, Ivar Adolf Lyttkens and Fredrik Amadeus Wulff used turned g in their phonetic transcription, notably in Metodiska ljudöfningar published in 1892[5] or the dictionary Svensk ordlista published in 1921.[6]
In 1929, Tadeusz Jan Kowalski used the turned g and turned k in Karaim language texts to represent an alveolar plosive pronounced as a velar plosive before the vowel [i]. Omeljan Pritsak reused this in a 1959 Karaim work.[7]
Turned g represents a [ɢ] in the transcription of the Tabasaran language by Alexander Amarovich Magometov in his book Табасаранский язык: Исследование и тексты (Tabasaranskij jazyk: Issledovanie i teksty, “The Tabasaran language: analysis and texts”) published in 1965.[8]
A rotated capital G has sometimes been used as a substitute for the similar-looking eng [ŋ]. The capital has not been encoded in Unicode, but the character Turned sans serif capital G (⅁) U+2141 may look similar to it in sans serif fonts (when it is turned, not reversed[9]).
Computing codes
editᵷ was added to Unicode 4.1 in 2005, as U+1D77. Fonts that can display the character include Code2000, Doulos SIL and Charis SIL. Lowercase "b with hook" (ɓ), an IPA letter that resembles a turned one-story g, is more widely available as a substitute, at U+0253. The Turned sans serif capital G (⅁) U+2141 is not its uppercase, as it is intended to only be a mathematical sans serif symbol (like ∃ or ∀) for the game quantifier used by some authors.
| Preview | ⅁ | ᵷ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL G | LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED G | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 8513 | U+2141 | 7543 | U+1D77 |
| UTF-8 | 226 133 129 | E2 85 81 | 225 181 183 | E1 B5 B7 |
| Numeric character reference | ⅁ | ⅁ | ᵷ | ᵷ |
References
edit- ↑ Beniowski, Major Bartłomiej (1845). Anti-Absurd or Phrenotypic Alphabet and Orthography for the English Language. London. p. iv.
- ↑ Powell 1880, p. 15.
- ↑ Association phonétique internationale 1900, p. 7‒8.
- ↑ Boas et al. 1900.
- ↑ Lyttkens & Wulff 1892, p. 34.
- ↑ Lyttkens & Wulff 1921, p. 16.
- ↑ Németh 2011, p. 81–82.
- ↑ Магометов (ალ. მაჰომეტოი), Александр Амарович (1965). Табасаранский язык : исследование и тексты (ტაბასარანუმი ენა : გამოკვლევა და ტექსტები) (in Russian). Тбилиси: Мецниереба.
- ↑ Beeton, Barbara (22 January 1999). Addendum to L2/98-405: Request for assignment of codes to mathematical and technical symbols (PDF).
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