A voiced epiglottal fricative, or voiced pharyngeal trill,[1] is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʢ⟩.
| Voiced epiglottal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʢ | |||
| IPA number | 174 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʢ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+02A2 | ||
| X-SAMPA | <\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Voiced epiglottal approximant | |
|---|---|
| ʢ̞ | |
| Audio sample | |
Although the official name in the IPA for this sound has always been a voiced epiglottal fricative since it was introduced in 1989, laryngoscopic studies by John Esling have found that both epiglottal and pharyngeal consonants are pharyngeal in place of articulation, and are affected in manner by the aryepiglottic folds and larynx height; he therefore proposed the reclassification of ⟨ʢ⟩ as the trilled counterpart of ⟨ʕ⟩, noting both as ranging from fricatives to approximants,[2] and later described realizations of ⟨ʢ⟩ ranging from a fricative, to a trill, to a fricative trill.[3] Esling furthered this reclassification with a modified version of the IPA chart, merging pharyngeal and epiglottal consonants into a single column, placing ⟨ʢ⟩ as a trill, ⟨ʕ⟩ as a fricative, and ⟨ʕ̞⟩ as an approximant.[1]
A voiced epiglottal approximant ⟨ʢ̞⟩ is reported in one study to occur in Dahalo, though the authors recognize that this is a precise description, and that the sound is still "pharyngeal in a broader sense",[4] so that it may be describing the same sound as ⟨ʕ̞⟩.
Few languages distinguish between pharyngeal and epiglottal fricatives. However, according to Peter Ladefoged, the Aghul spoken in the village of Burkikhan, Dagestan has both a voiceless pharyngeal fricative and a voiceless epiglottal fricative.[5][6]
Features
editFeatures of a voiced epiglottal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is epiglottal, which means it is articulated with the aryepiglottic folds against the epiglottis.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
editSee also
editNotes
edit- 1 2 Esling, John H. (2010). "Phonetic Notation". In Hardcastle, William J.; Laver, John; Gibbon, Fiona E. (eds.). The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 678–702. doi:10.1002/9781444317251.ch18. ISBN 978-1-4051-4590-9.
- ↑ Esling, John H. (1996). "Pharyngeal consonants and the aryepiglottic sphincter". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 26 (2): 65–88. doi:10.1017/S0025100300006125.
- ↑ Esling, John H. (1999). "The IPA Categories 'Pharyngeal' and 'Epiglottal': Laryngoscopic Observations of Pharyngeal Articulations and Larynx Height". Language and Speech. 42 (4): 349–372. doi:10.1177/00238309990420040101.
- ↑ Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (1993), "Phonetic structures of Dahalo", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65
- ↑ Ladefoged, Peter. "Agul". ucla.edu. Retrieved 2026-02-03.
- ↑ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 167–168. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- ↑ Kodzasov, S. V. (August 1–7, 1987). "Pharyngeal Features in the Daghestan Languages". Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Tallinn, Estonia. pp. 142–144.
- ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
- ↑ Hassan, Zeki; Esling, John; Moisik, Scott; Crevier-Buchman, Lise (2011). "Aryepiglottic trilled variants of /ʕ, ħ/ in Iraqi Arabic". Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Hong Kong. pp. 831–834.
- ↑ Naumann, Christfried (June 26, 2009). "Siwa". Leipzig, Germany: Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2019-11-12.
References
edit- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6