A voiced bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "b" sound in "obey". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨b⟩.
| Voiced bilabial plosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| b | |||
| IPA number | 102 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | b | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0062 | ||
| X-SAMPA | b | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
Features
edit
Features of a voiced bilabial stop:
* Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, it is a plosive.
* Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
* Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
* It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
*Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the median–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
* Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | бгъу / bġ° | ⓘ | 'nine' | ||
| Albanian | bletë | ['bletə] | 'bee' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[1] | باب / bāb | [baːb] | 'door' | See Arabic phonology |
| Assyrian | ܒܒܐ baba | [baːba] | 'father' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | բարի/bari | ⓘ | 'kind' | |
| Basque | bero | [beɾo] | 'hot' | ||
| Bengali | বলো / balo | [bɔlo] | 'say!' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Breton | bara | [baɾa] | 'bread' | ||
| Catalan[3] | bell | [ˈbeʎ] | 'beautiful' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chechen | борз / borz | [borz] | 'wolf' | ||
| Czech | bublina | ⓘ | 'bubble' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[4][5] | løber | [ˈløːbɐ] | 'runner' | Only partially voiced; possible allophone of /b/ in the intervocalic position. More often voiceless [p].[4][5] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch[6] | boer | [buːr] | 'farmer' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | aback | ⓘ | 'aback' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | batalo | [baˈtalo] | 'war' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Filipino | buto | [buto] | 'bone' | ||
| French[7] | boue | [bu] | 'mud' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[8] | ბავშვი / bavšvi | [ˈbavʃvi] | 'child' | ||
| German | aber | ⓘ | 'but' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | μπόχα / bócha | [ˈbo̞xa] | 'reek' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | બક્રી / bakri | [bəkri] | 'goat' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hebrew | בית / báyit | [bajit] | 'house' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | बाल / bāl | [bäːl] | 'hair' | Contrasts with aspirated version /bʱ/. See Hindi-Urdu phonology |
| Urdu | بال / bāl | ||||
| Hungarian | baba | [ˈbɒbɒ] | 'baby' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[9] | bile | [ˈbile] | 'rage' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[10] | 番 / ban | [baɴ] | '(one's) turn' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | бгъуы/bg"uy | ⓘ | 'nine' | ||
| Korean | 지붕 / jibung | [t͡ɕibuŋ] | 'roof' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kurdish | Northern | bav | [bɑːv] | 'father' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Central | باوک/bâwk | [bɑːwk] | |||
| Southern | باوگ/bâwig | [bɑːwɨg] | |||
| Luxembourgish[11] | geblosen | [ɡ̊əˈbloːzən] | 'blown' | More often voiceless [p].[11] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Macedonian | убав/ubav | [ˈubav] | 'beautiful' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | baru | [bäru] | 'new' | ||
| Malayalam | ബലം/balam | [bɐlɐm] | 'strength' | See Malayalam phonology | |
| Maltese | għatba | [aːtˈba] | 'threshold' | ||
| Marathi | बटाटा / baṭāṭā | [bəˈʈaːʈaː] | 'potato' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Nepali | बाटो / bāṭo | [bäʈo] | 'path' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | bål | [ˈbɔːl] | 'bonfire' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Odia | ବାର/barô | [bärɔ] | 'twelve' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Persian | خوب/ xub | [xub] | 'good' | See Persian phonology | |
| Pirahã | pibaóí | [ˈpìbàóí̯] | 'parent' | ||
| Polish[12] | bas | ⓘ | 'bass' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[13] | bato | [ˈbatu] | 'I strike' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਬਿੱਲੀ/billī | [bɪlːi] | 'cat' | ||
| Romanian[14] | bou | [bow] | 'bull' | See Romanian phonology. | |
| Russian[15] | бабушка / babushka | ⓘ | 'fish' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[16] | биће / biće | [bǐːt͡ɕě] | 'being' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | byť | [bi̞c] | 'to be' | ||
| Slovene | biti | [ˈbìːt̪í] | 'to be' | ||
| Southern Min | 閩 / ban | [ban] | 'Fujian province' | Only in colloquial speech. | |
| Spanish[17] | invertir | [ĩmbe̞ɾˈt̪iɾ] | 'to invest' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | bra | [ˈbɾɑː] | 'good' | May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology | |
| Telugu | బడి | [badi] | 'school' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Aspirated form is articulated as breathy consonant. | |
| Thai | บำบัด / bam-bàt | [bam.bat̚] | 'therapy' | See Thai phonology | |
| Turkish | bulut | [ˈbuɫut̪] | 'cloud' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Tyap | bai | [bai] | 'to come' | ||
| Ukrainian[18] | брат / brat | [brɑt̪] | 'brother' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | mab | [mɑːb] | 'son' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | bak | [bak] | 'tray' | ||
| Wu | 皮 / bi | [bi] | 'skin' | ||
| Xiang | 浮 / baw | [bau] | 'to float' | ||
| Yi | ꁧ / bbo | [bo˧] | 'mountain' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[19] | bald | [bald] | 'few' | |
See also
editNotes
edit- ↑ Thelwall (1990:37)
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- 1 2 Goblirsch (2018), pp. 134–5, citing Fischer-Jørgensen (1952) and Abrahams (1949, pp. 116–21, 228–30).
- 1 2 Puggaard-Rode, Horslund & Jørgensen (2022).
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ↑ Okada (1999:117)
- 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ↑ Jassem (2003:103)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ↑ DEX Online :
- ↑ Padgett (2003:42)
- ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ↑ Merrill (2008:108)
References
edit- Abrahams, Henrik (1949), Études phonétiques sur les tendances évolutives des occlusives germaniques, Aarhus University Press
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fischer-Jørgensen, Eli (1952), "Om stemtheds assimilation", in Bach, H.; et al. (eds.), Festskrift til L. L. Hammerich, Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gad, pp. 116–129
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Goblirsch, Kurt (2018), Gemination, Lenition, and Vowel Lengthening: On the History of Quantity in Germanic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-03450-1
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
- Puggaard-Rode, Rasmus; Horslund, Camilla Søballe; Jørgensen, Henrik (2022), "The rarity of intervocalic voicing of stops in Danish spontaneous speech", Laboratory Phonology, 13 (1), doi:10.16995/labphon.6449, hdl:1887/3304670
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727