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List of Aramean kings

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Aramean kings were kings of the ancient Arameans, and rulers of various Aramean states that existed throughout the Levant and Mesopotamia during the 14th and 13th centuries BC, before being absorbed by various other empires such as the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Achaemenid Empire.[1][2]

Kings

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King Hazael of Aram-Damascus

Aramean kings are known from various inscriptions, and some are also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.

Aram-Damascus

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NameReignNotes
Hezionca. mid-10th century B.C.E.[3]According to the genealogy in 1 Kings 15:18, Hezion was a king of Aram-Damascus. Ben-Hadad I is described as “the son of Tabrimmon, the son of Hezion, king of Aram, who lived in Damascus.”[4]
Tabrimmonca. late 10th century B.C.E.[5]
Ben-Hadad Ica. early 9th century B.C.E.[5]
Hadadezer (Ben-Hadad II)ca. 865-844 B.C.E.[6]
Hazaelca. 844-805 B.C.E.[7]
Ben-Hadad IIIca. 805-780 B.C.E.[8]
Hadianuca. 780-754 B.C.E.[9]
Rezinca. 754–732 B.C.E.[10]

Bit-Agusi

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NameReignNotes
Gusica. 870[11]Dynasty founder[11]
Hadramca. 860–830[11]son of Gusi (Arame)[11]
Attar-šumki Ica. 830–800 / 805–796son of Hadram, synonym Bar-Guš[12]
Bar-Hadadca. 800son of Attar-šumki I, reign unclear[13][14]
Attar-šumki II1st half 8th centuryson of Bar-Hadad
Mati-Ilumid 8th centuryson of Attar-šumki II[15]
King Bar Rakib on his throne, before him stands a scribe Bit Gabbari

Bit-Gabbari (Sam'al)

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A stele of the Aramean king Bar-Rakib
King Kilamuwa standing in front of deities symbols
NameReignNotes
Gabbarca 920[16]/ca. 900 – 880Dynasty founder[17]
Bamahca. 880–865son of Gabbar[18]
Hayyaca. 865–840[19]son of Bamah[18]
Ša-ilca. 840–830son of Hayya
Kilamuwaca. 830–820[citation needed]brother of Ša-il
Qarlica. 820–790son of Ahabbu?, he unified Sam'al and Y'DY
Panamuwa Ica. 790–750son of Qarli, synonym Panammu[citation needed]
Bar-Surca. 750son of Panamuwa I
Panamuwa IIca. 743[20]–727son of Bar-Sur, synonym Panammu[citation needed]
Bar-Rakib727[20]–713/711[citation needed]son of Panamuwa II

Kasku

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Name[21]ReignNotes
Bar-Ga'yamid 8th century[22]Possibly an independent Assyrian high official, not under Assyrian overlord.[22]

Aram-Zobah

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NameReignNotes
Hadadezerat the time of Saul and David of Israel[23]

Bit Bahiani

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NameReignNotes
Bahianu-Dynasty founder[24]
Abisalmu--
Kapara950–875 BC[25]He built a monumental palace in Neo-Hittite style discovered by Max von Oppenheim in 1911, with a rich decoration of statues and relief orthostats[25]

Hamath

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NameReignNotes
T'oi--
Hadoram--
Paratas--
Irhuleni853 BCHe led a coalition against the Assyrian expansion under Shalmaneser III, alongside Hadadezer of Damascus.[26]
Uratamis--
Zakkur--
Eni-Ilu--
Yaub'di--

Aram-Naharaim

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NameReignNotes
Cushan-rishathaim1250 BCHe was king of Aram-Naharaim, or Northwest Mesopotamia, and the first oppressor of the Israelites after their settlement in Canaan.[27]

Bit-Zamani

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NameReignNotes
Ammi-Ba'al900–879 BCHe was king of Bit-Zamani, or Northwest Mesopotamia known for his rivals against Tukulti-Ninurta II.[28][29]
Bur-Ramman879–866Successor of Ammi-Ba'al
Ilan879–866 BCSuccessor and brother of Bur-Ramman

Bit-Adini

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NameReignNotes
Adin(i)883–876 BCHe was the first king of Bit-Adini[30]
Akhuni Bar-Adin876–858 BCSuccessor and descent of Adin and defeated by Ashurnasirpal II[30]

Palmyrene Empire

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The Palmyrene rulers may have had both Arab and Aramean ancestry.[31]

NameReignNotes
Odaenathus260–267Founder of the Palmyrene monarchy, dropped the King title and started using King of Kings by 263
Hairan I263–267Made co-King of Kings by his father.[32]
Maeonius267–267No evidence exist for his reign,[33] but he allegedly murdered Odaenathus and his son, Hairan and attempted a usurpation
Vaballathus267–272Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with the Latin rex (king) and declared emperor in 271.[34] Reigned under the regency of his mother, Zenobia.[35]
Zenobia267–272Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right.[35]
Septimius Antiochus273–273Possibly a son of Zenobia.

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Lipiński 2000.
  2. ↑ Younger 2016.
  3. ↑ Mazar, Benjamin (1962). "The Aramean Empire and Its Relations with Israel". The Biblical Archaeologist. 25 (4): 104. doi:10.2307/3210938. ISSN 0006-0895. JSTOR 3210938.
  4. ↑ Unger, Merrill Frederick (2005). The new Unger's Bible dictionary. Internet Archive. Chicago: Moody Press. ISBN 978-0-8024-9066-7.
  5. 1 2 Arnold, Bill T.; Strawn, Brent A. (2016-11-15). The World around the Old Testament: The People and Places of the Ancient Near East. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-1-4934-0574-9. In the case of Aram-Damascus, at the beginning of the ninth century Asa of Judah (ca. 911-870) hired" Ben-Hadad, son of Tab-rimmon, the son of Hezion, king of Aram...
  6. ↑ Irvine, Stuart A. (2005). "The Last Battle of Hadadezer". Journal of Biblical Literature. 124 (2): 341–347. doi:10.2307/30041016. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 30041016. ...the reign of a previous Aramean king, whom Hazael calls "my father." presumably is to Hadadezer...
  7. ↑ Gaul, Gershon (2000-01-01), "The Boundaries of Aram-Damascus in the 9th-8th Centuries Bce", Studies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography, Brill, pp. 35–41, ISBN 978-90-474-0034-9, retrieved 2025-04-11{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  8. ↑ Galil, Gershon (2001-01-01). "A Re-Arrangement of the Fragments of the Tel Dan Inscription and the Relations Between Israel and Aram". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 133 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1179/peq.2001.133.1.16. ISSN 0031-0328. ...and the inscription should be dated to the time of Bar-Hadad, son of Hazael.
  9. ↑ Ahlström, Gösta W. (1991). "Review of Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 B. C. E". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 50 (2): 147–150. doi:10.1086/373491. ISSN 0022-2968. JSTOR 545677. Shamshi-ilu reports that he has taken booty from the palace of the king of Damascus, Hadianu.
  10. ↑ Shtaimetz, Yaniv (2022-09-01). "Was it a Syro-Ephraimite War?". Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (in German). 134 (3): 354–361. doi:10.1515/zaw-2022-3006. ISSN 1613-0103. The goal of Rezin and Peqah son of Remalia, the kings of Aram-Damascus and Israel respectively, was to overthrow Ahaz and replace him with a king of their choice called Ben Tav'el.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Kessler, P. L. "Kingdoms of Syria - Arpad (Syria)". The History Files. Retrieved 2025-04-11.
  12. ↑ Ikeda, Yutaka; איקדה, יוטקה (2003). ""הם חילקו את נהר האורונטס ביניהם": ארפד וגבולה עם חמת ופתנ/אנק במאה הח' לפסה"נ / "They Divided the Orontes River Between Them" Arpad and Its Borders with Hamath and Patin/Unqi in the Eighth Century Bce". Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה. כז: 91*–99*. ISSN 0071-108X. JSTOR 23629859.
  13. ↑ Wagner-Durand, Elisabeth; Linke, Julia, eds. (2020). Tales of Royalty. doi:10.1515/9781501506895. ISBN 978-1-5015-0689-5. Retrieved 2025-04-11. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Divine Names on the Spot: Towards a Dynamic Approach of Divine Denominations in Greek and Semitic Contexts. Vol. 293. Peeters Publishers. 2021. pp. 61–92. doi:10.2307/j.ctv28bqkvn. ISBN 978-90-429-4726-9. JSTOR j.ctv28bqkvn.
  15. ↑ Dan' Kahn, El. "The Kingdom of Arpad (B i t Ag u si) and 'All Aram': International Relations in Northern Syria in the Ninth and Eighth Centuries BCE". Ancient Near Eastern Studies: 67.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Schloen, J. David; Fink, Amir S. (2009). "New Excavations at Zincirli Höyük in Turkey (Ancient Samʾal) and the Discovery of an Inscribed Mortuary Stele". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 356 (356): 1–13. doi:10.1086/BASOR25609345. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 25609345.
  17. ↑ Schloen, J. David; Fink, Amir S. (December 2009). "Searching for Ancient Samʾal: New Excavations at Zincirli in Turkey". Near Eastern Archaeology. 72 (4): 207. doi:10.1086/NEA25754028. ISSN 1094-2076.
  18. 1 2 Millard, Alan (1999-01-01). "Israelite and Aramean History in the Light of Inscriptions". Israel's Past in Present Research: 129–140. doi:10.5325/j.ctv1bxh4pj.13. ISBN 978-1-57506-513-7.
  19. ↑ Brown, Brian. "The Kilamuwa Relief: Ethnicity, class and power in Iron Age North Syria". Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.
  20. 1 2 Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 135.
  21. ↑ Ikeda, Yutaka; איקדה, יוטקה (1993). "שוב על "כתך" בכתובות ספירה / Once Again Ktk in the Sefire Inscriptions". Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה. כד: 104*–108*. ISSN 0071-108X. JSTOR 23624620. The treaty of Bar-ga'ya with Mati'ilu is described as a treaty of the 'lords of KTK (My KTK) with the lords of Arpad and also as a treaty of the federation of [KTK] with 'all Aram', an indication that KTK was the name of a federation of states to the north of Arpad, which was leading the states of 'all Aram' in the south.
  22. 1 2 Ikeda, Yutaka; איקדה, יוטקה (1993). "שוב על "כתך" בכתובות ספירה / Once Again Ktk in the Sefire Inscriptions". Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה. כד: 104*–108*. ISSN 0071-108X. JSTOR 23624620. In fact, while posing as a 'great king' independent of the Assyrian overlord, the king of KTK at the same time tries to use his close Assyrian connection to enforce the treaty with the king of Arpad.
  23. ↑ "1 Samuel 14 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2025-04-11.
  24. ↑ Albright, W. F. (1956). "The Date of the Kapara Period at Gozan (Tell Halaf)". Anatolian Studies. 6: 75–85. doi:10.2307/3642402. ISSN 0066-1546. JSTOR 3642402. The ancestors of Kapara we originally, it would seem, chiefs of the nomadic Aramaean tribe Bahyan (Bahianu)
  25. 1 2 Fakhro, Mohamad (2018). "Tell Halaf (Ancient Guzana) - Excavation Results between 2006-2010". zenon.dainst.org. Retrieved 2025-04-11.
  26. ↑ Luis Robert Siddall, The Reign of Adad-nīrārī III: An Historical and Ideological Analysis of An Assyrian King and His Times. BRILL, 2013 ISBN 9004256148 p.37
  27. ↑ Martin, Lee Roy (2008-01-01). "Power to Save!?: The Role of the Spirit of the Lord in the Book of Judges". Journal of Pentecostal Theology. 16 (2): 21–50. doi:10.1163/174552508X294189. ISSN 0966-7369.
  28. ↑ "Geç Hitit dini ve mitolojisinde Anadolu ve Assur etkisi - ProQuest". www.proquest.com. ProQuest 3061555894. Retrieved 2025-04-11.
  29. ↑ Edmonds, Alexander Johannes. "Just a Series of Misunderstandings? Assyria and Bīt-Zamāni, Ḫadi-/Iḫtadi-libbušu, and Aramaic in the early Neo-Assyrian State". Ancient Near Eastern Cultures.
  30. 1 2 "Kingdoms of Syria – Bit Adini".
  31. ↑ Southern 2008, p. 1.
  32. ↑ Maurice Sartre (2005). The Middle East Under Rome. Harvard University Press. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-674-01683-5.
  33. ↑ George C. Brauer (1975). The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, A.D. 244-284. Noyes Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8155-5036-5.
  34. ↑ Andrew M. Smith II (2013). Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation. Oup USA. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-986110-1.
  35. 1 2 Southern, Pat (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. A&C Black. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.

Sources

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