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R. Budd Dwyer

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Robert Budd Dwyer (November 21, 1939 – January 22, 1987) was an American politician who served as the 70th treasurer of Pennsylvania from 1981 until his suicide in 1987. A member of the Republican Party, he also served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1971 to 1981, representing the state's 50th district.

R. Budd Dwyer
Black-and-white photograph of Dwyer smiling
Dwyer in 1977
70th Treasurer of Pennsylvania
In office
January 20, 1981 – January 22, 1987
Governor
DeputyDon Johnson
Preceded byRobert E. Casey
Succeeded byG. Davis Greene Jr.
Member of the Pennsylvania Senate
from the 50th district
In office
January 5, 1971 – January 20, 1981[1]
Preceded byJames Willard
Succeeded byRoy Wilt
Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
In office
January 7, 1969 – November 30, 1970
Preceded byDistrict created
Succeeded byH. Harrison Haskell
Constituency6th district
In office
January 5, 1965 – November 30, 1968
ConstituencyCrawford County district
Personal details
BornRobert Budd Dwyer
(1939-11-21)November 21, 1939
St. Charles, Missouri, U.S.
DiedJanuary 22, 1987(1987-01-22) (aged 47)
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Cause of deathSuicide by gunshot
PartyRepublican
Spouse
Joanne Grappy
​
(m. 1963)​
Children2
EducationAllegheny College
ProfessionPolitician, teacher
Known for
Committing suicide during a filmed press conference after being convicted of accepting a bribe
Criminal information
Criminal status
Deceased
Convictions
Criminal penalty
No penalty imposed, died before sentencing
Details
Killed1 (himself)
Date apprehended
October 22, 1984

While serving as state treasurer in 1984, Dwyer awarded a $4.6 million contract to data processing company Computer Technology Associates (CTA) to help compensate Pennsylvania employees who overpaid federal taxes because of errors in state withholding. An investigation determined Dwyer accepted a bribe to give CTA the contract over more experienced and less expensive competitors, which would have resulted in Pennsylvania losing $6 million if the scheme was successful.[3] He was found guilty in December 1986 on 11 counts of conspiracy, mail fraud, perjury, and interstate transportation in aid of racketeering, which carried a maximum sentence of 55 years.[4] The day before his sentencing, Dwyer arranged a press conference in his office and shot himself in the presence of reporters. His suicide was broadcast to many television viewers throughout Pennsylvania and the Delaware Valley.

Dwyer maintained his innocence until his death. His lawyers made posthumous appeals on his behalf, but all were denied and his convictions were sustained.[5][6] Along with Barbara Hafer and Rob McCord, Dwyer is one of three former Pennsylvania State treasurers to be convicted of corruption since the 1980s.[7][8][9]

Early life and education

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1957 high school portrait

Robert Budd Dwyer was born on November 21, 1939, in St. Charles, Missouri, to Robert Malcolm Dwyer (1899–1980) and Alice Budd Dwyer (1907–1972).[10][11][12] He had one younger sister.[10] He attended Townville High School, graduating in 1957.

Dwyer graduated in 1961 with an A.B. in Political Science and Accounting from Allegheny College[12] in Meadville, Pennsylvania, where he was a member of the Beta Chi chapter[13] of Theta Chi fraternity.[12][14] After earning a master's degree[12] in education[14] in 1963,[12] he taught social studies and coached football[15] at Cambridge Springs High School.[14]

Career

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Pennsylvania Assembly

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Official portrait, 1965

Dwyer became active in politics and was a member of the Republican Party.[15] He was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from the 6th district (although seats were apportioned by county before 1969) in 1964 and was reelected in 1966 and 1968.[16] In 1970, while still a State Representative, Dwyer campaigned to become a Pennsylvania State Senator for the Senate's 50th district, and won.[17] Soon after his victory he resigned as Representative and was sworn in as Senator in January 1971.[17] Dwyer also was a delegate to the 1976 Republican National Convention.[18]

Pennsylvania Treasurer

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After being elected to two additional terms in 1974 and 1978,[17] Dwyer decided to try for a statewide office and in 1980 campaigned for and won the office of Pennsylvania Treasurer[14] which had been held by Robert E. Casey (not to be confused with Governor of Pennsylvania Robert P. Casey) since 1976.[19][20] He campaigned for a second and last term in 1984 and won re-election, defeating Democratic nominee and former auditor general Al Benedict.[14] Dwyer stated that his Treasury administration "transformed the Department from a financial antique into one of the most modern in the nation, earning and saving hundreds of millions of dollars each year."[21]

CTA scandal

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Background

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From 1979 to 1981, before Dwyer was state treasurer, public employees of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania overpaid millions of dollars in Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) taxes.[14][22] As a result, the state required an accounting company to determine refunds for its employees.[22] Dwyer awarded the no-bid $4.6 million contract to Computer Technology Associates (CTA), a California-based data processing company, owned by John Torquato Jr., a native of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on May 10, 1984.[22]

Investigation

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During early 1984, Dennis Schatzman, deputy comptroller of Pittsburgh Public Schools, noticed financial discrepancies in the CTA contract, and wrote to Pittsburgh school officials regarding these.[23][24] Schatzman later contacted officials of the accounting company Arthur Young and Associates, who confirmed that the no-bid CTA contract was overpriced by millions of dollars.[25] In June 1984, the Office of the Pennsylvania Auditor General informed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the alleged bribery that occurred during the awarding of the contract.[26]

During late July 1984, Janice R. Kincaid, a former CTA employee, released a sworn statement claiming that Dwyer awarded the contract to CTA because he was promised a $300,000 kickback by the company.[27][28] Kincaid also indicated that Torquato directed female CTA employees to give sexual favors to potential clients.[22] Torquato was also said to have targeted multiple other state and local officials in Pennsylvania for bribes, including Pennsylvania Attorney General LeRoy Zimmerman.[29]

Dwyer's awarding of the CTA contract was investigated by federal prosecutors. Upon learning of this investigation, Dwyer rescinded the contract with CTA on July 11, 1984.[22] Subsequently, Dwyer repeatedly attempted to stop, divert and forestall the investigation, stating that the U.S. attorney had neither the authority nor evidence to pursue prosecution.[30][31] Dwyer later admitted to telling his staff to withhold request for proposal (RFP) information from the U.S. attorney and the FBI during the investigation.[32] After being indicted by a federal grand jury, Dwyer was finally charged with agreeing to receive a kickback of $300,000 in return for awarding CTA the contract.[33]

Dwyer stated that he offered to take a polygraph test on the condition that if he passed it, he would not be indicted. The state rejected Dwyer's offer.[34] Prior to Dwyer's indictment, on October 22, 1984, a grand jury indicted Torquato, Torquato's attorney William T. Smith, Judy Smith, Alan R. Stoneman, and David Herbert.[35][36] At his 1985 trial, Smith, who was a friend of Dwyer's, testified that he did not bribe Dwyer, and instead that Torquato offered Dwyer a campaign contribution in return for the CTA contract, yet Dwyer rejected Torquato's offer. In contrast, Torquato testified that Smith offered Dwyer a $300,000 bribe in return for the CTA contract. Dwyer, acting as a defense witness at Smith's trial, denied that he was offered a contribution. In August 1984, Smith failed a polygraph test when he stated that he did not bribe Dwyer or any state official.[34] However, prior to his trial on October 27, 1984 (four days after his indictment), Smith confessed to offering Dwyer a bribe, and stated that Dwyer accepted this offer.[37][38]

I met with Dwyer in his office and at the insistence of Torquato offered to give him $300,000 if he signed a contract with CTA LTD. Dwyer talked about $100,000 to him personally—$100,000 to his campaign committee—$100,000 to Republican State Committee. [Dwyer] was going to see Robert Asher in Montgomery County that weekend to talk to him about how this should be done.[39]

Robert B. Asher, the then Pennsylvania Republican Party Chairman, objected to this, and requested that the $300,000 be directed entirely to the Republican State Committee, since Asher "did not want Dwyer to go to jail".[39]

Asher indicated that he had had a conversation with Mr. Dwyer, and he knew that I had made an offer to him of a $300,000 contribution, and then he was very angry when he began to talk about that, angry with me. Said he thought I knew better than to offer a contribution to Mr. Dwyer, and he said if there was going to be a contribution, it was going to go to Republican State Committee.[39]

Indictment

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Dwyer's indictment

Dwyer, along with Asher, was indicted by a federal grand jury on May 13, 1986.[40] In the hopes of reducing his twelve-year sentence resulting from his 1985 conviction, Smith testified on behalf of the federal government against Dwyer and Asher at their 1986 trial. Ultimately, Smith did not receive any reduction of his sentence for testifying against Dwyer (although his wife, Judy Smith, was granted immunity from prosecution).[41] Before testifying against Dwyer, Smith passed a polygraph test.[34]

It was revealed at Dwyer's trial that he sought and won approval for special legislation—Act 38 of 1984 (House Bill 1397)—that authorized him to recover the FICA overpayments, and that coded computer tape seized from CTA's office on July 6, 1984, showed that Dwyer was to receive a $300,000 pay-off for awarding CTA the contract.[42] Moreover, Smith and Torquato's claims about Dwyer being bribed were corroborated by four independent and impartial witnesses,[43][44] and Smith's testimony against Dwyer was virtually identical to written statements Smith made long before entering into a plea agreement.[45] Additionally, FBI agents testified that Dwyer attempted to conceal his involvement with the scheme when, after learning of the FBI investigation, he erased the entry in his appointment book of the March 2, 1984, meeting with Torquato and Smith in which he was first offered a bribe.[26][46]

Dwyer maintained that he awarded CTA the contract on the basis of his treasury task force recommendation; this conflicted with the fact that Dwyer personally managed all matters relating to the contract six days prior to awarding it to CTA. Furthermore, his task force's contribution merely consisted in the making of a single telephone call to David I. Herbert (the former State Director for Social Security, who controlled FICA recovery for Pennsylvania's public employees, and who was convicted subsequently for conspiring with CTA).[47][32][48] Dwyer awarded the contract to CTA—an obscure California-based company with three employees, little equipment, and little experience—despite being informed in April 1984 by the major Pennsylvania-based accounting company Arthur Young and Associates, which had 250 employees and submitted a proposal on April 13, 1984, at least 14 days prior to CTA's proposal, that they could perform the FICA recovery as fast as CTA for half the cost.[47][49][50]

Trial and conviction

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Charles Collins, Arthur Young's former management consulting director in Pittsburgh, testified at Dwyer's trial that Arthur Young and Associates, who, unlike CTA, had experience in identical tax recovery work, was prepared to negotiate the FICA recovery contract (that was half the cost of the CTA contract) and that Dwyer was clearly aware of Arthur Young's offer before committing the contract to CTA. Additionally, 16 other competitors were willing to be considered for the FICA recovery contract and many had communicated with Treasurer Dwyer's office to request an opportunity to bid on the contract, yet Dwyer did not respond.[39][51] Dwyer repeatedly stated that he awarded the contract to CTA as a result of his task force's recommendation on the basis of CTA's providing "immediate credit", yet the contract between CTA and Dwyer contained no information regarding CTA's ability to provide such credit. Moreover, Dwyer admitted that he did not mention the concept of "immediate credit" to Arthur Young and Associates when officials from the company asked why CTA was chosen instead of them.[26][52][50] In contradiction to Dwyer's statements about awarding CTA the contract on the basis of their providing "immediate credit", Arthur Young and Associates were told that CTA got the contract since they first recognized that the overpayments could be recovered, and that they endorsed legislation that gave Dwyer the sole power to award said contract.[51]

Dwyer denied any wrongdoing, stating that after the CTA contract was signed, Smith merely made a "generic" offer to assist his campaign.[32] Dwyer's lawyer spoke to the prosecutor, acting U.S. Attorney James West, asking him if he would dismiss all charges against Dwyer if Dwyer resigned as state treasurer. West refused the offer but offered to let Dwyer plead guilty to a single charge of bribe receiving, which would have meant a maximum of five years' imprisonment, as long as he resigned from his office as Treasurer of Pennsylvania and cooperated completely with the government's investigation, but Dwyer refused and went to trial. At his trial, Dwyer did not testify, and his lawyer, Paul Killion, presented no defense witnesses,[49] since he thought that the government did not sufficiently prove its case.[44] It is possible that Dwyer did not testify in his own defense since he did not want to be questioned regarding his involvement in a 1980 conspiracy involving his wife's business "Poli-Ed," and two Pennsylvania State Education Association (PSEA) employees. One of these employees was Dwyer's close friend and campaign manager Fred Mckillop, who was subsequently dismissed by the PSEA for his involvement with the scheme, and who later featured in a 2010 documentary about Dwyer.[53][54] In this conspiracy, which was investigated by the office of the Pennsylvania Attorney General, Dwyer allegedly siphoned money from his campaign into his personal funds.[30][55][25]

On December 18, 1986, Dwyer was found guilty on 11 counts of conspiracy, mail fraud, perjury and interstate transportation in aid of racketeering, and was consequently liable to a sentence of as much as 55 years imprisonment and a $300,000 fine.[2][56] His sentencing was scheduled for January 23, 1987, to be performed by U.S. District Court Judge Malcolm Muir.[2] One mail-fraud charge against Dwyer was dismissed by Judge Muir.[57] One juror, Carolyn Edwards of Williamsport, found it emotionally difficult to convict Dwyer (and Asher) since they were men of "very high integrity ... they just made a mistake", while Dwyer made a statement after the verdict saying "This is a sad and shocking day for me, totally unbelievable, I'm totally innocent of all of these charges and I don't know how this could have happened".[58] Robert B. Asher, Dwyer's co-defendant, was sentenced to one year in jail.[59]

Accounting company Levin-Horwath ultimately fulfilled the contract for $1.3 million with slightly more than a third of the fee possibly being subject to rebate. Had CTA performed the recovery work, Pennsylvania would have lost $6 million.[3] Pennsylvania law stated that Dwyer could not officially be dismissed from office until his sentencing in January. Given this, Dwyer stated that until his legal appeal was resolved, he would continue as treasurer with a leave of absence without pay and would not resign before having the opportunity to appeal his conviction.[14] In the interim, the treasury department would be managed by Deputy Treasurer Donald L. Johnson.[2] Dwyer continued to profess his innocence after being convicted, and on December 23 wrote a letter to President Ronald Reagan seeking a presidential pardon,[60] and to Senator Arlen Specter seeking assistance with this effort.[61] The week of Dwyer's sentencing, Pennsylvania State Attorney General LeRoy Zimmerman and state prosecutors were investigating a provision of the Pennsylvania state constitution such that dismissal of a civil worker from office who has been convicted of a crime is "self-executing", thus, automatic upon that person's sentencing. A decision confirming this constitutional provision was expected on January 22, the day before Dwyer's sentencing hearing.[2][62]

Final press conference and suicide

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In a meeting in his home on January 15, 1987, Dwyer discussed the idea of a press conference with his press secretary, James "Duke" Horshock,[63] and Deputy Treasurer, Don Johnson.[64] At the meeting, both Horshock and Johnson cautioned Dwyer not to use the conference to attack the governor, or other individuals involved with his criminal conviction, and both suggested to Dwyer that he should have the conference at a location other than his office. Dwyer angrily rejected their suggestion, but nevertheless assured both men that he would not attack anybody involved with his conviction. He said that he would not announce his resignation at the conference, but rather thank his staff and friends. Both men left assuming Dwyer would ultimately resign at the conference, although Horshock had fears that Dwyer would break his promise.[64]

On January 21, Dwyer asked his press secretary Horshock and deputy press secretary Gregory Penny to schedule a news conference for the next day without telling them what he was to discuss.[65][66] Horshock arranged the press conference for 10:30 a.m. EST the next day, January 22. The press secretary summoned dozens of reporters asking them to attend, and told them he did not know its subject.[2][66]

The night before the press conference, Dwyer wrote the following note: "I enjoy being with Jo so much, the next 20 years or so would have been wonderful. Tomorrow is going to be so difficult and I hope I can go through with it."[14]

Press statement

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The Pennsylvania Finance Building, where Dwyer held his press conference

The next morning, Dwyer went to his press conference as planned. Standing behind a large wood table that separated him from nine television cameras, four wire service photographers and about 20 television, radio and newspaper reporters,[67] he began reading from a 21-page prepared text, while aides handed a 20-page version to the media. The final page was expected to be his announcement that he would resign from office. Appearing agitated, Dwyer again professed his innocence and accused acting U.S. Attorney James West, FBI agents, U.S. District Court Judge Malcolm Muir, the media and others for abusing the justice system and ruining him.[61] Dwyer alleged that his legal woes were political persecution due to his refusal to grant a travel voucher for Governor Dick Thornburgh's wife for her trip to Europe, alleging that Thornburgh had said that he would "get Dwyer" and that Thornburgh had referred to him as "the fat fuck".[68] Dwyer stated that Attorney West purposely held his trial not in Harrisburg but in Williamsport, due to it being located in Lycoming County, one of the most uneducated counties in Pennsylvania.[69] Dwyer spoke out against the death penalty and expressed regret for voting in favor of it while he was in the Pennsylvania assembly. This speech lasted nearly 30 minutes, and approximately halfway through it, some of the gathered press began to pack and leave. Dwyer spotted this and interrupted himself to say, "Those of you who are putting your cameras away, I think you ought to stay because we're not, we're not finished yet."[66]

After deciding to break from his speech, Dwyer called to three of his staffers, giving each a sealed envelope with the insignia of the treasury department.[64] The first envelope, given to Bob Holste, contained a letter addressed to then-Pennsylvania Governor Bob Casey, who had assumed office just two days earlier. The second, given to deputy press secretary Gregory Penny, contained an organ donor card and other related materials. The last, given to Deputy Treasurer Don Johnson, contained materials intended for Dwyer's family, including three letters: one for his wife Joanne, and one for each of his children, Rob and DeeDee (Dyan),[70] and suggested funeral arrangements.[64][14] Freelance photographer Gary Dwight Miller, one of the reporters in attendance, described the scene at this time, stating: "It was just kind of a long-winded, sad event."[71]

Suicide

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Dwyer holding a .357 Magnum Smith & Wesson Model 19 revolver seconds before he fired a single shot through the roof of his mouth, killing himself instantly.

After he had finished speaking and handing out the notes to his staffers, Dwyer grabbed a manila envelope and drew a Model 19 .357 Magnum revolver from it, causing others to panic. Kenn Marshall, a reporter with The Patriot-News, later stated in an interview that he feared Dwyer would turn the gun on the reporters in attendance.[71] Dwyer backed up against the wall, holding the weapon close to his body, and said, "Please, please leave the room if this will — if this will affect you."[72] Reporters David Morris of the Associated Press, Thom Cole of UPI and Gary Warner of afternoon newspaper The Pittsburgh Press were at the rear of the room, waiting for Dwyer to say he had resigned so they could run down the hall to telephones to tell their editors they could publish pre-written stories and add Dwyer's direct quote. When Dwyer produced the revolver, the three ran into the hallway and shouted to a state police kiosk in the center of the long hallway that the treasurer had a gun.[67]

Several people in the room pleaded with Dwyer to surrender the gun or tried to approach him and seize the weapon. Dwyer warned against either action, saying as his last words: "No. This will hurt someone."[73] Dwyer then killed himself with a single shot through the roof of the mouth.[74] His death was recorded by at least five running news cameras.[75] Dwyer was pronounced dead at 11:31 a.m.[73] He was interred at Blooming Valley Cemetery in Saegertown on January 26. Per his status as an organ donor, Dwyer's corneas and ear cartilage were made available for transplant. Dwyer's body was left in the room for several hours as law enforcement conducted an investigation into whether or not any of Dwyer's aides had assisted him in his suicide, ultimately concluding they had not.[76] By the time his body was recovered, it had been too long since his death for any other organs to be usable.[66]

Aftermath

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Many television stations throughout Pennsylvania broadcast taped footage of Dwyer's suicide to a midday audience. Philadelphia station WPVI-TV showed Dwyer pulling the trigger and falling backwards, but did not show the bullet path.[77] It chose not to show the gunshot a second time. During the next several hours, news editors had to decide how much of the explicit footage they wanted to broadcast. Many chose not to broadcast the final moments of the suicide.[78]

Many stations, including KYW-TV and WCAU-TV in Philadelphia and KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh, stopped the action just before the gunshot. However, the last two allowed the audio of the shooting to continue with the stopped image. Westinghouse Broadcasting (then-parent of KYW-TV and KDKA-TV) news cameraman William L. Martin and reporter David Sollenberger had a camera set up at the conference; they chose to broadcast the audio with a freeze-frame of the gun in Dwyer's mouth. Only a handful broadcast the unedited press conference. WPVI-TV rebroadcast the suicide footage in full on their 5:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. Action News broadcast without warning the viewers. That station's broadcast is a source for copies available on the Internet. WPXI in Pittsburgh is reported by the Associated Press to have broadcast the footage uncensored on an early newscast. In explaining the decision to broadcast, WPXI operations manager By Williams said, "It's an important event [about] an important man." Williams avoided broadcasting the footage in the evening newscasts, explaining, "Everyone knows by then that [Dwyer] did it. There are children out of school."[79] However, in central Pennsylvania, many children were home from school during the day of Dwyer's suicide due to a snowstorm.[14] The moment of Dwyer's suicide did not appear on any national newscast. NBC Nightly News and CNN's coverage only showed Dwyer holding the gun and stopped before he placed it in his mouth, and CBS Evening News and ABC World News Tonight did not include any footage from the press conference in their reports.[80]

The letter Dwyer sent Casey stated, "By the time you receive this letter ... the office of State Treasurer of Pennsylvania will be vacant. I stress to you that I did not resign but was State Treasurer of Pennsylvania to the end." It also stated that Casey "will be the great Governor that Pennsylvania needs at this time in our history." He suggested his wife Joanne as his successor, describing her as "very talented, personable, organized and hard-working."[81] Governor Casey did not accept Dwyer's suggestion. Regardless of the events of January 22, the governor and legislature of Pennsylvania already expected Dwyer to either resign or be dismissed from office. As such, a deal had already been brokered wherein the next treasurer, a Democrat, would serve the remnant of Dwyer's term and resign at its end. This was G. Davis Greene Jr., who was appointed as the 71st Treasurer of Pennsylvania on January 23, 1987, the day after Dwyer's suicide.[82]

Posthumous appeals

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On January 27, 1987, Dwyer's lawyers filed an appeal in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania seeking the dismissal of all post-trial motions that were then pending against Dwyer, abatement of Dwyer's conviction and the dismissal of his May 13, 1986 indictment. On March 5, 1987, the district court denied all motions, stating that "there were no grounds whatsoever upon which Mr. Dwyer could hope to succeed upon appeal" and ordered to "close this file as to R. Budd Dwyer".[5] Dwyer's lawyers appealed this decision, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit subsequently vacated the judgment. On remand, the district court was instructed to dismiss Dwyer's motions (since the Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction), and Dwyer's convictions for mail fraud and conspiracy were sustained.[6] Six years after Dwyer's death, efforts were made to exonerate Dwyer when a retrial request was filed in U.S. District Court in July 1993.[83] This request was denied in October of the same year.[84]

Electoral history

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1980 Pennsylvania State Treasurer election[85]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican R. Budd Dwyer 2,055,199 49.43%
Democratic Robert E. Casey 2,003,126 48.18%
Consumer Thelma R. Hambright 43,801 1.05%
Libertarian Frank W. Bubb III 31,573 0.76%
Socialist Workers Tory A. Dunn 23,879 0.57%
Total votes 4,157,578 100.00%
Republican gain from Democratic
1984 Pennsylvania State Treasurer Republican primary election[86]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican R. Budd Dwyer (incumbent) 578,063 100.00%
Total votes 578,063 100.00%
1984 Pennsylvania State Treasurer election[87]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican R. Budd Dwyer 2,348,977 51.78%
Democratic Al Benedict 2,040,693 44.99%
Consumer Priscilla L. Thomas 115,905 2.56%
Libertarian Ralph Mullinger 30,496 0.67%
Total votes 4,536,071 100.00%
Republican hold

See also

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Related to the article:

For similar cases:

References

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  1. ↑ Cox, Harold (2004). "Pennsylvania Senate – 1981–1981" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Dwyer must resign or face dismissal, Zimmerman says". Observer–Reporter. January 22, 1987. Retrieved November 8, 2015 – via Google News.
  3. 1 2 "789 F.2d 196". law.resource.org.
  4. ↑ "Six Years After Suicide, New Trial Sought To Clear Budd Dwyer". Associated Press. July 26, 1993. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  5. 1 2 "United States v. Dwyer, 654 F. Supp. 1254 (M.D. Pa. 1987)". Justia Law. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  6. 1 2 "United States of America v. Dwyer, R. Budd, Appellant, 855 F.2d 144 (3d Cir. 1988)". Justia Law. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  7. ↑ "Former Pennsylvania treasurer Barbara Hafer sentenced for lying to FBI". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved August 1, 2026.
  8. ↑ "Not again! Barbara Hafer is the third state treasurer to be indicted since the '80s". July 21, 2016.
  9. ↑ "Day of reckoning: Disgraced ex-Pa. Treasurer Rob McCord faces possible jail time". August 27, 2018.
  10. 1 2 "Robert M. Dwyer July 4, 1899 — January 3, 1980". www.rosefh.com.
  11. ↑ "Alice M. Dwyer May 16, 1907 — June 21, 1972". www.rosefh.com.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Department of General Services (1972). The Pennsylvania Manual. Vol. 101. Pennsylvania Bureau of Publications. p. 110.
  13. ↑ "Beta Chi". Theta Chi.org. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Honest Man: The Life of R.Budd Dwyer (documentary movie)". Eighty Four Films. 2010.
  15. 1 2 McHugh, Erin (April 15, 2016). Political Suicide: Missteps, Peccadilloes, Bad Calls, Backroom Hijinx, Sordid Pasts, Rotten Breaks, and Just Plain Dumb Mistakes in the Annals of American Politics. Pegasus Books. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-68177-117-5.
  16. ↑ "House Members "D"". Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  17. 1 2 3 "Senate Members "D"". Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  18. ↑ "Dwyer Final Statements p. 35" (PDF). www.dropbox.com. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
  19. ↑ Madonna, G. Terry; Yost, Berwood. "1996 Row Office Elections" (PDF). Franklin and Marshall College.
  20. ↑ "PA Treasurer Race – Nov 04, 1980". Our Campaigns.com. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  21. ↑ "Dwyer Final Statements p. 16" (PDF). www.dropbox.com. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 "Pennsylvania Aide Focus of Scandal". The New York Times. August 26, 1984. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  23. ↑ Carpenter, Mackenzie (July 18, 1997). "Columnist famed for defending O.J." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 42.
  24. ↑ Rosenberger, J. E. (July 27, 1984). "Dwyer admits at CTA meeting". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved February 1, 2024 – via Google News.
  25. 1 2 Keisling, William (2003). The Sins of Our Fathers (2011 ed.). Yardbird Books. ISBN 978-0-9620-2510-5.
  26. 1 2 3 "Budd Dwyer File". Federal Bureau of Investigation. June 3, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  27. ↑ "Contract Scandal Taints Treasurer Race". The Morning Call. August 27, 1984.
  28. ↑ "John Torquato Jr. File" (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation. December 10, 1984 – via Yardbird Books.
  29. ↑ "A man who federal prosecutors say was the mastermind..." UPI.
  30. 1 2 Jenkins, Philip (1993). "The C.T.A. case: A study in political corruption". Crime, Law and Social Change. 19 (4): 329–351. doi:10.1007/BF01624198. S2CID 154669066.
  31. ↑ "Documents show Dwyer tried to halt investigation". Indiana Gazette. July 23, 1987. p. 5. Retrieved November 29, 2005 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. 1 2 3 "James West trial highlights 6th December 1985" (PDF). Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Dropbox.
  33. ↑ "United States of America v. Asher, Robert B., Appellant, 854 F.2d 1483 (3d Cir. 1988)".
  34. 1 2 3 Morris, David (February 18, 1987). "New evidence challenges Dwyer". Latrobe Bulletin. Associated Press. p. 4.
  35. ↑ "United States of America v. Smith, William T., Jr.patriot News Company (Limited Intervenor), Appellant, No. 85-5111.united States of America v. Stoneman, Alan R.patriot News Company (Limited Intervenor), Appellant, No. 85-5112, 776 F.2d 1104 (3d Cir. 1985)".
  36. ↑ "UNITED STATES v. SMITH, (M.D.Pa. 1985), Crim. No. 84-00156-04. | M.D. Pa., Judgment, Law". Casemine.com. Retrieved August 1, 2026.
  37. ↑ "CTA trial's outcome revives corruption probe". The Philadelphia Inquirer. June 26, 1985.
  38. ↑ Morris, David (February 18, 1987). "New evidence challenges Dwyer". Latrobe Bulletin. p. 4. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. 1 2 3 4 "United States of America v. Asher, Robert B., Appellant, 854 F.2d 1483 (3d Cir. 1988)". Justia Law.
  40. ↑ "Friends of ex-GOP chairman will help pay CTA legal bill". The Times Leader. Associated Press. June 5, 1986. p. 16A. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ↑ "U.S. v. Smith, 839 F.2d 175 (3d Cir. 1988)". Casetext. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  42. ↑ "789 F.2d 196". Law.resource.org. Retrieved August 1, 2026.
  43. ↑ "Jury hears closing arguments in CTA Bribery Conspiracy Trial". Observer-Reporter. December 13, 1986. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  44. 1 2 "CTA Case heads to Jury". The Pittsburgh Press. December 13, 1986 – via Google News.
  45. ↑ Rotstein, Gary (December 13, 1986). "CTA defence throws doubt on witnesses". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette – via Google News.
  46. ↑ "United States v. Smith, 789 F.2d 196 | Casetext Search + Citator". Archived from the original on August 12, 2022.
  47. 1 2 "Dwyer Indictment" (PDF). Dropbox.
  48. ↑ Beauge, John (March 15, 2019). "Ex-state official who held elected office learns he's not allowed to run again". PennLive. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  49. 1 2 Neri, Albert J.; Stoffer, Harry (February 3, 1987). "A desperate plea for vindication". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette – via Google News.
  50. 1 2 Rotsien, Gary (May 13, 1985). "Lawyer's challenge task force's CTA selection". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved February 1, 2024 – via Google News.
  51. 1 2 "CTA would have recovered millions from social security". The Gettysburg Times. April 25, 1985. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  52. ↑ "CTA Contract" (PDF). Dropbox. June 6, 1984.
  53. ↑ "Benedict accuses Dwyer of wrongdoing". The Gettysburg Times. August 30, 1984. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  54. ↑ "Dwyer said present when kickbacks discussed". The Gettysburg Times. September 1, 1984. p. 17. Retrieved June 5, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  55. ↑ "Benedict Takes Shot At Opponent Dwyer". Observer-Reporter. August 30, 1984. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  56. ↑ Cusick, Frederick (January 27, 1987). "700 Attend Services For Dwyer Treasurer Recalled As 'Righteous Man'". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  57. ↑ "Dwyer defense rests, One charge out in CTA trial". The Pittsburgh Press. December 9, 1986 – via Google News.
  58. ↑ "CTA Prove to Continue". The Pittsburgh Press. December 19, 1986.
  59. ↑ "National Committeeman - Republican Party of Pennsylvania". Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  60. ↑ "Dwyer's letter to Reagan" (PDF). Dropbox. December 23, 1986. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
  61. 1 2 Meyers, Dan; Cusick, Frederick (January 24, 1987). "Dwyer Rejected Deal, Later Sought Pardon". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  62. ↑ "Removal From Office" (PDF). Local Government Commission of the Pennsylvania General Assembly.
  63. ↑ "Tribute for James A. "Duke" Horshock". James J. Terry Funeral Home, Inc. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
  64. 1 2 3 4 Roddy, Dennis B. (January 23, 1987). "He searched in vain for help: State treasurer spent last days seeking peace". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved November 11, 2015 – via Google News.
  65. ↑ Kaminski, Joseph (December 29, 2015). "Case Study: R. Budd Dwyer's Suicide". josephkaminski.org.
  66. 1 2 3 4 Cusick, Frederick; Meyers, Dan; Roche, Walter F. Jr (January 23, 1987). "Treasurer Dwyer Kills Self Suicide At News Session". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  67. 1 2 "A Gut Feeling Precedes Horror". The Morning Call. January 23, 1987. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  68. ↑ "Dwyer Final Statements p. 18" (PDF). www.dropbox.com. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
  69. ↑ "Dwyer's Final Statements" (PDF). Dropbox.
  70. ↑ "Son says Dwyer innocent of charge". The York Dispatch. United Press International. January 23, 1987. p. 26. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  71. 1 2 Dunkle, David N. (November 12, 2010). "Former Pennsylvania Treasurer R. Budd Dwyer's controversial death re-examined in new film". PennLive. Archived from the original on November 16, 2010.
  72. ↑ Muha, Laura (January 21, 1988). "Witnesses to Tragedy". Newsday. p. 3. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017. When he saw Dwyer's gun, he dashed from the room calling for help.
  73. 1 2 Morris, David (January 23, 1987). "Pennsylvania Treasurer Kills Self At News Conference". Associated Press.
  74. ↑ Grossman 2003, p. 108
  75. ↑ Myles, Jonah (January 1, 2015). "The Case of Robert Budd Dwyer, Pennsylvania State Treasurer". Media Ethics and the Fourth Commandment. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  76. ↑ "Budd Dwyer gave organ donor card to aide just before his suicide: 'I looked up and he had the gun'". January 20, 2022. Archived from the original on February 10, 2026.
  77. ↑ Bianculli, David; Shister, Gail (January 23, 1987). "How TV covered the Dwyer suicide". The Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. 1D, 8D. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  78. ↑ "Did TV cover suicide right?". The York Dispatch. United Press International. January 23, 1987. p. 26. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  79. ↑ "Pictures Raise News Issue". The New York Times. Associated Press. January 23, 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
  80. ↑ Bianculli, David; Shister, Gail (January 23, 1987). "How TV covered the Dwyer suicide". The Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. D1, D8.
  81. ↑ Stevens, William K. (January 23, 1987). "Official Calls In Press and Kills Himself". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  82. ↑ Downey, Sally A. (September 6, 2012). "G. Davis Greene Jr., 81, former state treasurer". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  83. ↑ "Six Years After Suicide, New Trial Sought To Clear Budd Dwyer". AP News. July 26, 1993. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  84. ↑ "Judge turns down motion for Dwyer retrial". Indiana Gazette. Associated Press. October 28, 1993. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  85. ↑ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  86. ↑ The Pennsylvania Manual, 1984-1985 - Page 603. Pennsylvania Department of General Services. 1985. ISBN 978-0-8182-0029-8.
  87. ↑ The Pennsylvania Manual, 1984-1985 - Page 618. Pennsylvania Department of General Services. 1985. ISBN 978-0-8182-0029-8.

Further reading

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