Soudob� d�jiny 2015 (vol.22) 1-2: 80-101 | DOI: 10.51134/sod.2015.003

N�rodn� nespolehliv�?! N�mecky hovo��c� �id� v Polsku a v �eskoslovensku bezprost�edn� po druh� sv�tov� v�lce

Kate�ina �apkov�

Srovn�vac� studie konfrontuje situaci n�mecky mluv�c�ch �id� v �eskoslovensku a v Polsku v prvn�ch letech po druh� sv�tov� v�lce. Zab�v� se jejich pr�vn�m postaven�m a probl�my s ob�anstv�m, p�ek�kami jejich za�len�n� do �eskoslovensk� a polsk� spole�nosti, obt��emi p�i restituc�ch jejich majetku a tlaky na jejich odchod za hranice, co� dokl�d� na vybran�ch konkr�tn�ch p��kladech. Konstatuje, �e v obou zem�ch n�mecky hovo��c� �id� nezapadali do um�le vytvo�en�ch �ernob�l�ch kategori� n�rodn�ch nep��tel na jedn� stran� a vlastenc� ("n�rodn� spolehliv�ch") na stran� druh�. Tento neur�it� status se projevil i v jejich nevyjasn�n�m pr�vn�m postaven�. Zvl�t� v �eskoslovensku se museli (�asto marn�) dom�hat (znovu)z�sk�n� �eskoslovensk�ho ob�anstv�, kter� po v�lce ztratily automaticky v�echny osoby n�meck� a ma�arsk� n�rodnosti. V Polsku m�li na polsk� ob�anstv� n�rok n�mecky mluv�c� �id�, kte�� byli do roku 1939 polsk�mi ob�any, slo�it�j�� byla situace �id� ze znovunabyt�ch �zem� Polska a osob ze sm��en�ch man�elstv�. Autorka upozor�uje na ka�dodenn� probl�my t�chto osob, kter� byly v obou zem�ch podobn�: nemo�nost u��v�n� n�meck�ho jazyka a probl�my s komunikac�, soci�ln� diskriminace, nedostate�n� finan�n� podpora, probl�my se sh�n�n�m pr�ce a s restituc� majetku. V�t�ina n�mecky mluv�c�ch �id� se proto sna�ila z Polska i �eskoslovenska vycestovat. V z�v�ru si autorka klade ot�zku, zda se �id�, zejm�na pokud mluvili N�mecky, nedostali po v�lce do pozice necht�n�ch ob�t� nacistick� zv�le, kter� sice p�e�ily holokaust, ale ve sv� vlasti se pro v�t�inov� obyvatelstvo staly cizinci.

Kl��ov� slova: Polsko; �eskoslovensko; �id�; pov�le�n� obdob�

The State Cannot Rely on Them?! German-speaking Jews in Poland and Czechoslovakia Immediately after the Second World War

This article compares the situation of the German-speaking Jews both of Czechoslovakia and of Poland in the early years after the Second World War. The author considers their legal status and problems with citizenship, the obstacles to their being re-included in Czechoslovak and Polish societies, the difficulties they faced in seeking the restitution of their property, and the pressures on them to leave their countries. She demonstrates this with specific cases, and concludes that the German-speaking Jews in both countries did not fall into artificially created black-and-white categories of national enemies on the one hand and patriots ('nationally reliable') on the other. This uncertain status was also manifested in their unclear legal status. Particularly in Czechoslovakia, the Jews were required to struggle (ultimately often in vain) to re-acquire their citizenship, which all people of German or Hungarian ethnicity (n�rodnost) had automatically lost after the war. In Poland, German-speaking Jews who were Polish citizens up to 1939 had a right to Polish citizenship, but the situation was more complicated for Jews from the newly acquired territories of Poland and for people from mixed marriages. The author points out that the everyday problems faced by these people were similar in both countries: the impossibility of using German and the problems with communication, social discrimination, insufficient financial support, finding work, and the restitution of their property. Most of the German-speaking Jews therefore tried to leave Poland and Czechoslovakia. The author concludes her article by asking whether after the war the Jews, particularly those whose everyday language was German, did not find themselves in the position of unwanted victims of Nazi arbitrary rule, having survived the Shoah, but remaining, for majority society, aliens in their own countries.

Keywords: Poland; Czechoslovakia; Jews; post-WWII period

Zve�ejn�no: 1. b�ezen 2015  Zobrazit citaci

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�apkov�, K. (2015). N�rodn� nespolehliv�?! N�mecky hovo��c� �id� v Polsku a v �eskoslovensku bezprost�edn� po druh� sv�tov� v�lce. Soudob� d�jiny,�22(1-2),�80-101. doi:�10.51134/sod.2015.003
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