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Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw” and the Land of the Sky: The Archaeology and History of Tututepec

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Arthur A. Joyce ,
Andrew G. Workinger ,
Byron Hamann ,
Peter Kroefges ,
Maxine Oland  and
Stacie M. King
Arthur A. Joyce
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Hale Building, Campus Box 233, Boulder, CO 80309-0233
Andrew G. Workinger
Affiliation:
Sociology, Anthropology, and Geography Department, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga; Chattanooga, TN 37403
Byron Hamann
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Department of History, University of Chicago, 1126 E. 59th St., Chicago, IL 60637
Peter Kroefges
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Albany, SUNY, Social Sciences 263, Albany, NY 12222
Maxine Oland
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Ave., Evanston, IL 60208–1310
Stacie M. King
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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Abstract

This article balances current understandings of the political landscape of Postclassic Mesoamerica through a conjunctive analysis of the archaeology and ethnohistory of the Mixtec Empire of Tututepec in the lower Río Verde region of Oaxaca. Tututepec has long been known from ethnohistoric sources as a powerful Late Postclassic imperial center. Until recently, however, little has been known of the archaeology of the site. We discuss the founding, extent, chronology, and aspects of the internal organization and external relations of Tututepec based on the results of a regional survey, excavations, and a reanalysis of ethnohistoric documents. Tututepec was founded early in the Late Postclassic period when the region was vulnerable to conquest due to political fragmentation and unrest. Indigenous historical data from three Mixtec codices narrate the founding of Tututepec as part of the heroic history of Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw.” According to these texts, Lord 8 Deer founded Tututepec through a creative combination of traditional Mixtec foundation rites and a strategic alliance with a highland group linked to the Tolteca-Chichimeca. Archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence indicate that Tututepec continued to expand through the Late Postclassic, growing to 21.85 km2, and at its peak was the capital of an empire extending over 25,000 km2.

Este artículo forma un balance de los entendimientos actuales sobre el paisaje político del Postclásico en Mesoamérica por medio de un análisis conjuntivo de la arqueología y etnohistoria del imperio Mixteca de Tututepec, Oaxaca. Tututepec ha sido conocido desde tiempo atrás por fuentes etnohistóricas como la capital de un centro imperial poderoso del Postclásico tardío. Sin embargo, hasta recientemente, poco se ha sabido de la arqueología del sitio siendo su localización misma un asunto de debate. Discutimos los orígenes, extensión, cronología, y aspectos de la organización interna y relaciones externas de Tututepec basadas en los resultados de un recorrido regional, excavaciones, y un reanálisis de documentos etnohistóricos. Tututepec fue fundado tempranamente en el Postclásico Tardío cuando la regioón había sido vulnerable a la conquista forastera debido a fragmentación política y agitación. La fundación de Tututepec como parte de la historia heroica del Señor 8 Venado “Garra de Jaguar,” es narrada en tres códices Mixtecas. Según estos textos, Señor 8 Venado fundó Tututepec por medio de una combinación creativa de ritos fundacionales mixtecas tradicionales y una alianza estratégica con un grupo enlazado a los Tolteca-Chichimeca. La evidencia indica que Tututepec continuó su expansióon a través de Postclásico Tardío, creciendo a 21.85 km2, y en su máximo fue la capital de un imperio extendido sobre 25,000 km2.

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Latin American Antiquity , Volume 15 , Issue 3 , September 2004 , pp. 273 - 297
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 by the Society for American Archaeology.

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