Science Applications of a Multispectral Microscopic Imager for the Astrobiological Exploration of Mars
Abstract
Future astrobiological missions to Mars are likely to emphasize the use of rovers with in situ petrologic capabilities for selecting the best samples at a site for in situ analysis with onboard lab instruments or for caching for potential return to Earth. Such observations are central to an understanding of the potential for past habitable conditions at a site and for identifying samples most likely to harbor fossil biosignatures. The Multispectral Microscopic Imager (MMI) provides multispectral reflectance images of geological samples at the microscale, where each image pixel is composed of a visible/shortwave infrared spectrum ranging from 0.46 to 1.73 μm. This spectral range enables the discrimination of a wide variety of rock-forming minerals, especially Fe-bearing phases, and the detection of hydrated minerals. The MMI advances beyond the capabilities of current microimagers on Mars by extending the spectral range into the infrared and increasing the number of spectral bands. The design employs multispectral light-emitting diodes and an uncooled indium gallium arsenide focal plane array to achieve a very low mass and high reliability. To better understand and demonstrate the capabilities of the MMI for future surface missions to Mars, we analyzed samples from Mars-relevant analog environments with the MMI. Results indicate that the MMI images faithfully resolve the fine-scale microtextural features of samples and provide important information to help constrain mineral composition. The use of spectral endmember mapping reveals the distribution of Fe-bearing minerals (including silicates and oxides) with high fidelity, along with the presence of hydrated minerals. MMI-based petrogenetic interpretations compare favorably with laboratory-based analyses, revealing the value of the MMI for future in situ rover-mediated astrobiological exploration of Mars. Key Words: Mars—Microscopic imager—Multispectral imaging—Spectroscopy—Habitability—Arm instrument. Astrobiology 14, 132–169.
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Abbreviations
ASTER, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer.
ENVI, Environment for Visualizing Images.
FOV, field of view.
FPA, focal plane array.
FWHM, full width at half maximum.
InGaAs, indium gallium arsenide.
LED, light-emitting diode.
MAHLI, Mars Hand Lens Imager.
MECA, Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer.
MERs, Mars Exploration Rovers.
MI, Microscopic Imager.
MMI, Multispectral Microscopic Imager.
MNF, Minimum Noise Fraction Transformation.
MSL, Mars Science Laboratory.
NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology.
OM, Optical Microscope.
Pancam, Panoramic Camera.
PPI, Pixel Purity Index.
RAC, Robotic Arm Camera.
RELAB, Reflectance Experiment Laboratory.
ROIs, regions of interest.
SWIR, shortwave infrared.
USGS, U.S. Geological Survey.
VNIR, visible and near-infrared.
VSWIR, visible/shortwave infrared.
XRD, X-ray diffraction.
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Article first published online: February 1, 2014
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