JUnit 5 uses a microkernel architecture. The platform does not execute tests. Instead, it defines an SPI and delegates execution to TestEngines, each responsible for discovering and running its own type of tests.
In my article, I explain how this architecture works underneath, from loading the engines to execution via the execution tree.
https://medium.com/@Victorldev/architectural-analysis-of-junit-d9472f9bf79b
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