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Jewish history

history of the Jews, and their nation, religion and culture
English: Jewish history

The main category is: Category:Jewish history

Periods of massive immigration to the land of IsraelPeriods in which the majority of Jews lived in exilePeriods in which the majority of Jews lived in the land of Israel, with full or partial independencePeriods in which a Jewish Temple existeden:Jewish historyShoftimMelakhimFirst TempleSecond Templeen:Zugoten:Tannaimen:Amoraimen:Savoraimen:Geonimen:Rishonimen:AcharonimAliyoten:Israelen:The HolocaustDiasporaExpulsion from SpainRoman exileAssyrian Exile (Ten Lost Tribes)en:Babylonian captivitySecond Temple periodAncient Jewish Historyen:Chronology of the Bibleen:Common Era

Origins

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    Abraham Journeying into the Land of Canaan
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    Moses on the Knesset Menorah
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    Mountains in Sinai, traditional region for the Israelite theophany
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    Egyptian image of ibrw "mounted bowmen" at the Battle of Kadesh 1274 BCE, one suggested origin for Hebrew
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    Merneptah Stele, 1213-1203 BCE, first recorded extra-Biblical mention of Israel
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    12 Tribes of Israel according to the Book of Joshua
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    Rock hewn altar near Shiloh, early site of the Tabernacle in Israel
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    Ruth on the Knesset Menorah, convert from Moab, traditional anscestor of David

First Commonwealth

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    Walls of the Jebusite city of Jerusalem prior to David's conquest in 1000 BCE
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    Solomon's temple in Jerusalem
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    10th century BCE inscription showing the conquest of Judah (Yuteh Malek) by Shoshenq I
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    Divided Kingdoms of Israel and Judah in their region, 9th century BCE
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    Mesha Stele from Moab c.840 BCE, extensive description of Kingdom of Israel
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    King Jehu of Israel giving tribute to King Shalmaneser III of Assyria, on the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser c.827 BCE
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    Biblical genealogy of kings of Israel and Judah described in 1 and 2 Kings
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    Reconstructed Israelite house, 10th–7th centuries BCE
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    Isaiah on the Knesset Menorah
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    King Hezekiah's tunnel in Jerusalem, 8th-7th centuries BCE
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    Judean captives led to slavery by the Assyrians after the siege of Lachish in 701 BCE
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    Tetragrammaton name of God in Paleo-Hebrew from Tel Lachish
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    Ten Lost Tribes of northern kingdom deportated to Assyria, 734-715 BCE

Babylonian and Persian exile

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    Jeremiah on the Knesset Menorah, who predicted the destruction of Jerusalem
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    Kingdom of Judah exiled to Babylon and destruction of Solomon's temple in 587 BCE
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    City of Babylon during the time of the Nebuchadnezzar II, 600 BCE
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    At the Rivers of Babylon (Psalm 137)
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    Ezekiel's vision in exile of the restored bones of Israel
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    Persian Empire, who conquered Babylon, around the time of Darius and Xerxes
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    Hand-written scroll of the Book of Esther, set in Persian Empire

Early Second Commonwealth

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    Ezra on the Knesset Menorah
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    Nehemia on the Knesset Menorah
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    Yehud coins from the Persian Empire province of Judah
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    Alexander the Great's empire and his route 334-323 BCE
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    Hellenistic enforcement of Seleucid Greek king Antiochus IV Epiphanes with Apollo
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    Tombs of the Maccabees national revolt against Seleucid Hellenism 167–160 BCE
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    Hasmonian dynasty rulers from the Maccabees until the time of Herod
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    Coin of Alexander Jannaeus 103-76 BCE, whose opposition to the Pharisees formented the Judean Civil War

Roman Empire

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    Early Rabbinic sage Hillel on the Knesset Menorah
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    One of the Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered between 1946 and 1956
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    Model of Herod's rebuilt Jerusalem temple
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    Philo of Alexandria c.20 BCE–50 CE, Hellenistic Jewish philosopher and influence on Christianity
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    Helena of Adiabene sarcophagus, 1st century queen of Adiabene and convert to Judaism, Jerusalem
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    Roman sack of Jerusalem in 70 CE depicted on the Arch of Titus
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    Translation of 1st century Jewish historian Josephus
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    Johanan ben Zakai, c.30-90 CE, re-established the Rabbinic Sanhedrin in Yavne after Jerusalem's destruction
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    The Roman Empire at its greatest extent in 117 CE
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    Tunnels from the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132–136 CE
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    Haninah ben Teradion, 2nd century sage martyred by the Romans
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    Coin of Hadrian 136 CE, changing Jerusalem into pagan city Aelia Capitolina banned to Jews
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    Map of 1st-2nd century CE synagogues in the Mediterranean world
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    Roman Jewish fresco from Dura Europos synagogue, Syria, 244 CE. Destroyed by Sassanids 256 CE

Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages

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    Babylonian Talmud on the Knesset Menorah
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    Aggadah Rabbinic Midrash on the Knesset Menorah
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    Schematic map of the Oral Torah development from the Pharisees to Halakha
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    Exhibit showing Talmudic sage and Exilarch political leader in Babylonia, Rav Huna
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    An emissary from the land of Israel is a Sabbath guest in Nehardea, Babylonia
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    Byzantine era mosaic from synagogue near Sea of Galilee, 5th-6th century
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    6th century underground mikvah Jewish ritual bath in Syracuse, Italy
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    Mohammed defeating the Banu Nadir Jewish tribe at Medina, 14th century art
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    Khazar Khaganate, 650–850. From the 8th century, the Khazar royalty and parts of the aristocracy converted to Judaism
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    8th-9th century Hebrew Selihah prayer, discovered in 1908 in the Dunhuang Caves of Gansu Province, China

High and Late Middle Ages

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    Rashi house in Worms, Germany
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    Golden Age of Spanish Jewry: codifier and philosopher Maimonides, and Jewish poets
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    Babylonian Talmud manuscript with commentaries from France, 1342
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    1348 Barcelona manuscript of Maimonides' philosophical Guide for the Perplexed
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    Statues of "Church" victorious and "Synagogue" defeated from Strasbourg Cathedral 12-13th centuries
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    Woodcut of disputation between Christian and Jewish scholars, which were often forced on Medieval Jews
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    Expulsions of Jews in Europe from 1100 to 1600
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    Medieval Passover Haggadah found in the Cairo Genizah
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    Sarajevo Haggadah manuscript from 14th century Spain
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    Amulet text from 15th century Jewish magic work

Early modern era

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    The Venice Ghetto, instituted 1516, gave its name to other Jewish restricted quarters in Europe
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    Title page of first edition of the kabbalistic Zohar, printed Mantua Italy 1558
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    Synagogue in Safed, Galilee, 16th century centre of Jewish religious renaissance
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    Baruch Spinoza, 1632–1677, Dutch philosopher and secular Jewish forerunner
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    Hope for the Messiah on the Knesset Menorah
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    The mystical heresy of Sabbatai Zevi, Messianic claimant of 1665-1666, broke Jewish unity
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    Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam, built 1675
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    Council of the Four Lands, gave Poland Rabbinic autonomy
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    Synagogue of the Baal Shem Tov, 1700s founder of Hasidic movement mystical revival in Ukraine
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    Moses Mendelssohn, founder of Haskalah Jewish modernism, with German playwrite Lessing
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    Vilna Gaon, figurehead of Lithuanian-Yeshiva Talmudic movement
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    Illuminated Ketubah marriage contract from Yemen, 1795

19th century

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    1806 French print of Napoleon emancipating the Jews
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    Crimean Karaites, followers of non-Rabbinic Judaism originating 8th century CE, shown in 1837
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    The Hamburg Temple, first reform synagogue in Germany, location 1818–1844
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    Leopold Zunz, 1794–1886, founder of Wissenschaft des Judentums 19th century historical-critical investigation of Judaism
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    Samson Raphael Hirsch, 1808–1888, founder of Neo-Orthodox Judaism and leader of German Orthodox secessionist communities

20th century

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    Theodor Herzl, Zionist founder, in 1901
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    Belarus stamp with shtetl painting of Marc Chagall, 1887–1985
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    Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, reviver of the Hebrew language, in Jerusalem 1912
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    Simon Dubnow, 1860–1941, Jewish historian and activist, founder of the Yiddish culture East-European Jewish folkists party
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    Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical circle, 1922, reflecting assimilated Jewish culture of Vienna
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    Israeli currency portrait of Ze'ev Jabotinsky, 1880–1940, founder of Israel's right-wing secular politics
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    Martin Buber, philosopher and cultural Zionist, teaching at the Hebrew University Jerusalem
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    Religious anti-Zionist and pro-Zionist Rabbis Sonnenfeld, and Kook, the first chief Rabbi of Palestine and founder of Religious Zionism, early 1930s
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    Menorah in Birobidzhan, Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russian Far East, established by Stalin 1934
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    WW2 propaganda
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    Warsaw Ghetto uprising in April 1943
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    Yemenite immigrants celebrating Passover, Tel Aviv 1946
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    Exodus ship carrying Jewish emigrants to Palestine in 1947
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    Israeli tanks crossing the Suez Canal in the 1973 Yom Kippur War
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    Israeli - Palestinian Oslo Accords in 1993
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    Diaspora Museum Tel Aviv. Exhibit "One culture: Many facets. The growth of pluralism in modern Jewish spiritual life"
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