English: There are currently 15 companies engaged in underground coal mining at various development stages. However, due to limited information, we only analyse an underground coal mine in South Kalimantan with production capacity of 2 x 10 million tonnes per year.

This underground coal mine is expected to become a major source of CMM emissions. With last year’s production of only 2.6 million tonnes, its output and associated methane emissions could increase sharply in coming years. Ember estimates this coal mine will reach full capacity by 2030, given the planned operation of the second coal mine next year and the end of mining permits in 2034.

Accordingly, CMM emissions from this underground coal mine are projected to increase from 35 kt CH4 in 2024 to 332 kt CH4 in 2030. Even with a projected 14% decline in national coal production, total CMM emissions are expected to increase by around 25% by the end of the decade, driven by the growing emissions from this underground mine.