Includes bibliographical references (pages 493-512) and index

Lands and climates -- American peoples -- Iberia -- Columbus and others -- Experiment in the Caribbean -- Military conquest -- Administration: the power of paper -- Church: friars, bishops, and the state -- Society: old orders changed -- Economy: ships and silver -- The seventeenth century: a slacker grip -- Eighteenth-century Spanish America: reformed or deformed? -- Colonial Brazil: slaves, sugar, and gold -- Independence -- Adrift in storms: caudillos and penury -- Calmer waters and a new course: oligarchs and exports

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