{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214023464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cloud53861.2021.00026","title":"Causal Modeling based Fault Localization in Cloud Systems using Golden Signals","display_name":"Causal Modeling based Fault Localization in Cloud Systems using Golden Signals","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214023464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cloud53861.2021.00026","mag":"3214023464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cloud53861.2021.00026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cloud53861.2021.00026","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 14th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103269540","display_name":"Pooja Aggarwal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pooja Aggarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Bangalore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112259408","display_name":"Seema Nagar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seema Nagar","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Bangalore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028134056","display_name":"Ajay Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7881-4010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajay Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Bangalore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037060213","display_name":"Larisa Shwartz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-0765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larisa Shwartz","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109508156","display_name":"Prateeti Mohapatra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prateeti Mohapatra","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Bangalore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100691702","display_name":"Qing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-4273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064074691","display_name":"Amit Paradkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3707-8939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Paradkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104082307","display_name":"Atri Mandal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atri Mandal","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Bangalore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8991,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86092012,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"124","last_page":"135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7880334854125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6924338340759277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microservices","display_name":"Microservices","score":0.5542113184928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centrality","display_name":"Centrality","score":0.5371516346931458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.46247780323028564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-time-between-failures","display_name":"Mean time between failures","score":0.44383981823921204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pagerank","display_name":"PageRank","score":0.4345409870147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4224017858505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.32773661613464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32642263174057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.17010372877120972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11533567309379578}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7880334854125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6924338340759277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778505942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18344624","display_name":"Microservices","level":3,"score":0.5542113184928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53811970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194","display_name":"Centrality","level":2,"score":0.5371516346931458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.46247780323028564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754940","display_name":"Mean time between failures","level":3,"score":0.44383981823921204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779172887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184316","display_name":"PageRank","level":2,"score":0.4345409870147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4224017858505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.32773661613464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32642263174057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.17010372877120972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11533567309379578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163164238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2737027","display_name":"Failure rate","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cloud53861.2021.00026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cloud53861.2021.00026","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 14th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79887217","https://openalex.org/W1483742899","https://openalex.org/W1491873892","https://openalex.org/W1491883305","https://openalex.org/W1494646875","https://openalex.org/W1549217920","https://openalex.org/W1788348632","https://openalex.org/W1801274399","https://openalex.org/W1859116038","https://openalex.org/W1975062332","https://openalex.org/W1982652137","https://openalex.org/W2017504389","https://openalex.org/W2019759631","https://openalex.org/W2049298676","https://openalex.org/W2066400502","https://openalex.org/W2076529558","https://openalex.org/W2099855131","https://openalex.org/W2118418963","https://openalex.org/W2151727229","https://openalex.org/W2155573334","https://openalex.org/W2155845743","https://openalex.org/W2156803951","https://openalex.org/W2178225550","https://openalex.org/W2400086527","https://openalex.org/W2404462252","https://openalex.org/W2508465325","https://openalex.org/W2584518841","https://openalex.org/W2763824979","https://openalex.org/W2903799441","https://openalex.org/W2962702521","https://openalex.org/W2966971704","https://openalex.org/W3006026125","https://openalex.org/W3006419771","https://openalex.org/W3009461656","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6603318668","https://openalex.org/W6629390177","https://openalex.org/W6683167872"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3181741639","https://openalex.org/W4210334847","https://openalex.org/W4367181468","https://openalex.org/W2913425789","https://openalex.org/W2905200617","https://openalex.org/W2788040429","https://openalex.org/W1967232009","https://openalex.org/W4302136133","https://openalex.org/W2964025114","https://openalex.org/W2887986896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"cloud-native":[1,60],"applications,":[2],"a":[3,82,113,143],"large":[4],"fraction":[5],"of":[6,15,46,59,136,146],"operational":[7],"failures,":[8],"known":[9],"as":[10],"outages,":[11],"result":[12],"in":[13,68,71,73,85,101],"violations":[14],"Service":[16],"Level":[17],"Objectives":[18],"(SLOs).":[19],"SLOs":[20],"are":[21,50],"defined":[22],"around":[23],"specific":[24],"measurable":[25],"characteristics:":[26],"availability,":[27],"throughput,":[28],"frequency,":[29],"response":[30],"time,":[31],"and":[32,39,57,93,98,128,131],"quality.":[33],"Four":[34],"metrics,":[35],"latency,":[36],"traffic,":[37],"errors,":[38],"saturation,":[40],"ensure":[41],"coverage":[42],"for":[43,108,141],"most":[44],"outages":[45],"an":[47],"application.":[48],"These":[49],"often":[51,81],"called":[52],"golden":[53,124],"signals.":[54],"The":[55,77],"dynamicity":[56],"complexity":[58],"applications":[61],"complicate":[62],"Site":[63],"Reliability":[64],"Engineers\u2019":[65],"(SREs)":[66],"efforts":[67],"problem":[69],"determination,":[70],"particular":[72],"its":[74],"fault":[75,78,115],"localization.":[76],"localization":[79,116],"is":[80,96],"try-and-error":[83],"process":[84],"which":[86],"SREs":[87],"rely":[88],"on":[89],"their":[90],"domain":[91],"knowledge":[92],"experience.":[94],"It":[95],"laborious":[97],"frequently":[99],"results":[100],"long":[102],"Mean":[103],"Time":[104],"To":[105],"Resolution":[106],"(MTTR)":[107],"outages.":[109],"This":[110],"paper":[111],"describes":[112],"lightweight":[114],"system,":[117],"that":[118],"establishes":[119],"causal":[120,139],"relationships":[121],"among":[122],"the":[123,137],"signal":[125],"service":[126],"errors":[127],"error":[129],"logs,":[130],"further":[132],"leverages":[133],"PageRank":[134],"centrality":[135],"derived":[138],"graph":[140],"generating":[142],"ranked":[144],"list":[145],"faulty":[147],"microservices.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
