Additionally, a previous generation of SURTASS ships without an LFA component listened for subs by means of a string of towed hydrophones.
Enter SURTASS LFA, which consists of underwater megaphones, suspended from ships, that broadcast very loud pulses of low frequency sound into the ocean water.
But of more than three dozen mentions of SURTASS LFA in leading defense trade publications since 1990, none have described the system as a counter to quiet subs in the open ocean.
Which is precisely what SOSUS and previous versions of SURTASS did.
As we shall see, these questions prove central to the origin and intended use of SURTASS LFA.