COSTECH

The soil samples were then transferred into the Costech ECS4010 elemental combustion system that was responsible for detecting N and C levels of the different fractions.

Acetanilide ([C.sub.8][H.sub.9]NO, C 71.09%, N 10.36%) and atropine ([C.sub.17][H.sub.23]N[O.sub.3], C 70.56%, N 4.84%) were from Costech Analytical Technologies Inc., USA, and used as standards of carbon content.

Electrical sieve shaker (Ro-Tap type, 20-200 rpm), surface area analyzer (Costech, Sorptometer Kelvin 1042), Electric centrifuge, Thermo Electron Corporation PRECISION water bath B.

Fruit and vines were separated, weighed and a subsample of both components selected for further determination of dry mass and percentage N (% N) through dry combustion on a C and N analyzer (Costech Analytical Technologies Inc., Valencia, CA) (Dumas 1848).

Organic carbon and total nitrogen were measured using a Costech elemental analyzer (Costech Analytical Technologies Inc., Valencia, CA, USA).

Samples were analyzed for total C and N by combustion on an ECS 4010 element analyzer (Costech Analytical, Valencia, California).

All samples were weighed to [10.sup.-6] g and pressed into Ultra-Pure tin capsules (Costech).

This was briefed at a workshop organised by ISESCO COMSATS the Inter Islamic Network on Information Technology (INIT) the COMSATS CIIT and the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH).

Specimens were collected under COSTECH permit 2012-357-NA-2012-147.

Subsamples were then weighed into Ultra-Pure tin capsules (Costech Aralytical, Valencia, California) and sent to the W.

Samples were analyzed with a DELTA V Advantage (1) stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) coupled to an ECS 4010 elemental combustion system (Costech Analytical Technologies, Inc., Valencia, CA).

C) (ISO 10694) concentrations were determined using the ECS 4010 analyser (COSTECH) in the Ecology Department of Institute of Forestry of LRCAF.