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Angola
 
[Portugal]
to 11 Nov 1975
[Langhans' proposal for Portuguese Angola, 1967]
1967 (proposed colonial flag)
[Angola flag]
Adopted 11 Nov 1975
Map of Angola
Hear National Anthem
"Angola Avante"
(Forward Angola) 
Text of National Anthem
Adopted 11 Nov 1975
 Constitution
(5 Feb 2010; in Portuguese)
-----------------------------------------
Former Constitutions
(11 Nov 1975, 25 Aug 1992)
Capital: Luanda
(1912-1927 Humbo;
1927-1975 Nova Lisboa;
1576-1912 S�o Paulo da Assun��o de Loanda)
Currency: Kwanza (AOA);
Angolan Escudo (AOS) 1911-77
National Holiday: 11 Nov (1975)
Dia da Independ�ncia
(Independence Day)
 Population: 38,984,796 (2025)
GDP: $278.3 billion (2024)
Exports: $36.9 billion (2024)
Imports: $22.6 billion (2024)
Ethnic groups: Ovimbundu 25.2%, Kimbundu 23.1%,
Bakongo 12.6%, Lwenea (Luvale) 8.2%, Chokwe 5%, Kwanyam 4.1%, Nyaneka 3.9%, Luchazi 2.3%, Ambo (Ovambo) 2%,
Mbwela 1.7%, Nyemba 1.7%, European 1%, other 9.2% (2000)
Total Armed Forces: 107,000 (2024)
Merchant marine: 64 ships (2023)
Religions: Roman Catholic 53.9%, Protestant 27.4%,
other Christian 6.3%, ethnic regionalist 5.1%, Muslim 1.1%, non-religious 0.92%, others 5.2% (2020)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfCFTA, AfDB, APM, AU, BTWC, CEEAC, CCM (signatory), CPLP, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ESCR, FAO, G-24 (observer), G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LU, MIGA, NAM, NDB (prospective), NPT, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Angola Index
Chronology
Aug 1482                   Portuguese when explorer Diogo C�o (b. c.1452 - d.
                             1486) arrives at the mouth of the Congo River. 
 1 Feb 1575                Portuguese colony (Angola donatar�a).
Jan 1576                   Luanda founded as S�o Paulo da Assun��o de Loanda
                             by Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais
                             (b. c.1510 - d. 1589).
15 Jul 1580 -  1 Dec 1640  Angola along with Portugal a Spanish possession.
1589                       Crown colony (Portuguese West Africa [�frica
                             Ocidental Portuguesa]). 
1627                       Bishop's seat is relocated from S�o Salvador to
                             S�o Paulo de Loanda.
26 Aug 1641 - 21 Aug 1648  Dutch West India Company occupation of coastal areas
                             forcing the Portuguese into the interior (from
                             14 Jun 1642, Southern District of Africa [Zuidelijk
                             district van Afrika]; sometimes called Dutch
                             West Africa)(in Luanda [Fort Aardenburgh]
                             26 Aug 1641 - 21/24 Aug 1648; Benguela Sep 1641
                             - 1648; Ensandeira Island 1645/46-1648).
23 Sep 1822                Angola, Benguela and its Dependencies (Angola,
                             Benguela e suas depend�ncias).
31 Jul 1826                Angola and Benguela, and their Dependencies, Cabinda
                             and Molembo (Angola e Benguela, e suas
                             depend�ncias, Cabinda e Molembo).
 7 Dec 1836                Province of Angola (Prov�ncia de Angola).
10 Dec 1836                Portuguese decree prohibits trafficking of slaves
                             from its possessions. 
20 Jan 1855                Portuguese occupy the port of Ambriz. 
29 Apr 1878                Slavery abolished in Angola (by 29 Apr 1858
                             Portuguese royal decree).
14 Feb 1885                Portuguese possession confirmed by the Berlin
                             Conference.
1891 - 1893                State of West Africa (Estado da �frica Ocidental).
15 Aug 1914                Portuguese West Africa colony (Colonia da �frica
                              Ocidental Portuguesa).
31 Oct 1914 -  7 Jul 1915  German South West Africa forces under Victor Franke
                             invade Southern Portuguese Angola.
15 Oct 1926                Colony of Angola (Col�nia de Angola).
11 Jun 1951                Angola overseas province of Portugal (Prov�ncia de
                             Angola).
 4 Feb 1961 � 25 Apr 1974  Angolan war of independence.
 5 Apr 1962                Angolan Revolutionary Government in Exile (GRAE)
                             (Gov�rno revolucion�rio de Angola no ex�lio), from
                             3 Dec 1972, Supreme Council for the Liberation
                             of Angola [Conselho Supremo da Liberta��o de
                             Angola]) established in Congo (Kinshasa).
 1 Jan 1973                State of Angola (Estado de Angola).
11 Nov 1975                People's Republic of Angola (Rep�blica Popular de
                             Angola), independence from Portugal.
27 Aug 1992                Republic of Angola (Rep�blica de Angola).
Traditional
States
Counter Government
(1975-1976,
 1979-2002)
Cabinda
Map of Angolan
Tribes (1970)
 
 

Chairman of the Central Committee of the People's Liberation Movement of Angola
(from Dec 1977, People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Party of Labor)
Dec 1962 - 10 Sep 1979     Ant�nio Agostinho Neto             (b. 1922 - d. 1979)
                             (in exile to 4 Feb 1975 [in L�opoldville
                             to Nov 1963, then] in Brazzaville])
President of the Central Committee of the People's Liberation Movement of Angola-Party of Labor
20 Sep 1979 -  8 Sep 2018  Jos� Eduardo dos Santos            (b. 1942 - d. 2022)
                             (acting to 21 Sep 1979)
                           ("leading role" of the party abolished 26 Mar 1991)


Captain-governor Donat�rio
 1 Feb 1575 �  9 May 1589  Paulo Dias de Nov�es               (b. c.1510 - d. 1589)
Captain-major
Dec 1589 - 1591            Lu�s Serr�o                        (d. 1591)
Governors
1591 - 1593                Andr� Ferreira Pereira
1593 � 24 Jul 1593         Jer�nimo de Almeida (1st time)
24 Jul 1593 -  8 Dec 1594  Francisco de Almeida               (b. c.1550 � d. af.1613)
Dec 1594 - 15 Aug 1595     Jer�nimo de Almeida (2nd time)
15 Aug 1595 - 1602         Jo�o Furtado de Mendon�a
1602 - 1603                Jo�o Rodrigues Coutinho            (d. 1603)
1603 - 1606                Manuel Cerveira Pereira (1st time) (d. 1626)
1606 - 12 Apr 1611         Manuel Pereira Forjaz              (d. 1611)
15 Apr 1611 - 1615         Bento Banha Cardozo (captain-major)
1615 � 11 Apr 1617         Manuel Cerveira Pereira (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Apr 1617 � Nov 1617     Antonio Gon�alves Pita 
Nov 1617 - 1621            Lu�s Mendes de Vasconcelos         (b. c.1542 - d. 1623)
Sep 1621 - 1623            Jo�o Correia de Sousa              (d. 1626)
1623 (5 months)            Pedro de Sousa Coelho (captain-major)
1623 - 13 Oct 1624         Sim�o de Mascarenhas, bispo de     (b. 1571 - d. 1624)
                             Congo e Angola
1624 -  4 Sep 1630         Fern�o (Fernam) de Sousa           (b. c.1570 - d. 16..)
 4 Sep 1630 - 1635         Manuel Pereira Coutinho
1635 - 18 Oct 1639         Francisco de Vasconcelos da Cunha  (b. c.1590  d. 16..)
18 Oct 1639 - 17 May 1643  Pedro C�sar de Meneses (1st time)  (d. 1666)
                            (from 25 Aug 1641 - Jan 1643 at Massangano,
                             in opposition to the Dutch [Dutch prisoner
                             26 May 1643 - c.Mar 1644)
1643 - c.Mar 1644          Ant�nio de Abreu de Miranda
                            (at Massangano, in opposition to the Dutch)
c.Mar 1644 - Oct 1645      Pedro C�sar de Meneses (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                            (at Massangano, in opposition to the Dutch)
Dutch Directors (directeur) 
29 Aug 1641 - Jan 1645     Pieter Moorthamer (Mortamer) 
                             (to 28 Aug 1642)
                           + Cornelis Nieulant                (d. 1643)
                             (to 19 Jun 1643)
                           + Hans Mols (Apr 1643 - Jan 1645)
                           + Hendrick van Redinckhoven
                             (from Jul/Aug 1644)
Jan 1645 - 21 Aug 1648     Hendrick van Redinckhoven
                           + Cornelis Hendrikszoon Ouwman
                             (from Jan 1646)
                           + Adriaen Lems (from Mar 1647)
Governors and Captains-general (governador e capit�o-general)
25 Oct 1645 - 19 May 1646  Francisco de Sotto-Mayor           (d. 1646)
                             (in Massangano, in opposition to Dutch rule)
May 1646 - 15 Aug 1648     Triumvirate Junta
                            (in opposition to Dutch rule)
                           - Bartolomeu de Vasconcelos da Cunha
                             (chairman of the Junta)
                           - Ant�nio Teixeira de Mendon�a
                           - Jo�o Zuzarte de Andrade
15 Aug 1648 - Oct 1651     Salvador Correia de S� e Benavides (b. 1602 - d. 1688) 
Oct 1651 - 12 Feb 1653     Rodrigo de Miranda Henriques       (b. c.1600 - d. 1653)
14 Feb 1653 -  7 Oct 1654  Bartolomeu de Vasconcelos 
                             da Cunha (captain-major)
 7 Oct 1654 - 18 Apr 1658  Lu�s Martins de Sousa Chichorro    (d. 1658)
18 Apr 1658 - 1661         Jo�o Fernandes Vieira              (b. c.1610 - d. 1681)
10 May 1661 - 20 Aug 1666  Andr� Vidal de Negreiros           (b. 1606 - d. 1680)
20 Aug 1666 - Jan 1667     Trist�o da Cunha
30 Jan 1667 -  3 Feb 1667  Francisco Cidralles Sotto-Maior
Feb 1667 - 1668            Chamber Senate of City Council of Luanda
                           - Ant�nio de Araujo de Azevedo
                             (president of the chamber)
                           - Paulo Rebello da Cunha
                           - Roque Vieira de Lima
                           - Paulo Valente
                           - Diogo Vaz Camello 
                           (interim)
1668 - 1669                Chamber Senate of City Council of Luanda
                           - Thom�z Borges Madureira
                           - Lu�s da Silva da Motta
                           - Jo�o de Araujo
                           - Jo�o Cardozo
                           - Gaspar Zuzarte de Andrade
                           - Ant�nio Rodrigues de Andrade
                           (interim)
1669 - 26 Aug 1669         Chamber Senate of City Council of Luanda
                           - Jo�o Marques de Almeida
                           - Ant�nio de Estrada
                           - Jo�o de Gouvea
                           - Thom�z Figueira Bult�o
                           - Henrique de Mendon�a
                           - Jo�o Ferreira da Maia
                           (interim)
26 Aug 1669 - 1676         Francisco de T�vora, conde de Alvor(b. 1646 - d. 1710) 
28 Aug 1676 � 11 Sep 1680  Aires de Saldanha de Meneses e
                             Sousa
11 Sep 1680 � 12 Sep 1684  Jo�o da Silva de Sousa
12 Sep 1684 �  8 Sep 1688  Lu�s Lobo da Silva
 8 Sep 1688 �  1 Nov 1691  Jo�o de Lencastre                  (b. 1646 - d. 1707)
 1 Nov 1691 �  3 Nov 1694  Gon�alo da Costa de Alc��ova
                             Carneiro de Meneses
 3 Nov 1694 �  9 Nov 1697  Henrique Jacques de Magalh�es      (b. c.1650 - d. 1700)
 9 Nov 1697 �  5 Dec 1701  Lu�s C�sar de Meneses              (b. 1653 - d. 1720)
 5 Dec 1701 - Dec 1702     Bernardino de T�vora e Sousa       (b. c.1630 - d. 1702)
                             Tavares
Dec 1702 � 20 Nov 1705     Chamber Senate of City Council of Luanda
20 Nov 1705 �  4 Oct 1709  Louren�o de Almada                 (b. 1645 - d. 1729)
 4 Oct 1709 � 22 Feb 1713  Ant�nio de Saldanha de Albuquerque (b. c.1668 - d. c.1723)
                             Castro e Ribafria
22 Feb 1713 � 14 Jun 1717  Jo�o Manuel de Noronha             (b. 1679 - d. 1761)
15 Jun 1717 � 22 Mar 1722  Henrique de Figueiredo e Alarc�o   (b. 1658 - d. 1723)
22 Mar 1722 � 25 Apr 1725  Ant�nio de Albuquerque Coelho      (b. 1682 - d. 1725)
                             de Carvalho   
25 Apr 1725 �  7 May 1726  Jos� Carvalho da Costa
 7 May 1726 � 10 Dec 1732  Paulo Caetano de Albuquerque       (d. 1732)
10 Dec 1732 �  1 Jan 1733  Chamber Senate of City Council of Luanda
 1 Jan 1733 �  1 Apr 1738  Rodrigo C�sar de Meneses           (b. 1673 - d. 1738)
 1 Apr 1738 � 17 Apr 1748  Joaquim Jacques de Magalh�es       (d. 1748)
17 Apr 1748 � 12 Jan 1749  Triumvirate
                           - Victoriano de Faria e Melo       (b. c.1700 - d. 17..)
                               Varej�o Castelo Branco
                           - Manuel de Santa In�s Ferreira,   (b. 1704 - d. 1771)
                               bispo de S�o Paulo de Luanda
                           - Fernando Jos� da Cunha Pereira 
12 Jan 1749 � 31 Jul 1753  Ant�nio de Almeida Soares e        (b. 1699 - d. 1761)
                             Portugal, conde do Lavradio
31 Jul 1753 � 14 Oct 1758  Ant�nio �lvares da Cunha           (b. 1700 - d. 1791)
14 Oct 1758 �  6 Jun 1764  Ant�nio de Vasconcelos
 6 Jun 1764 � 21 Nov 1772  Francisco Inoc�ncio de Sousa       (b. 1726 - d. 1780)
                             Coutinho
21 Nov 1772 �  5 Dec 1779  Ant�nio de Lencastre               (b. 1721 - d. 1788)
 5 Dec 1779 � 19 Dec 1782  Jos� Gon�alo da C�mara Coutinho    (d. 1782)
19 Dec 1782 �  7 Sep 1784  Triumvirate                       
                           - Lu�s da Anuncia��o e Azevedo,    (b. 1721 - d. 1789)
                               bispo de Angola e Congo
                           - Joaquim Manuel Garcia de Castro  (d. 1783)
                               Barbosa (to 21 May 1783)
                           - Jo�o Monteiro de Moraes          (d. 1783)
                               (to 1 May 1783)
                           - Francisco Xavier de Lob�o
                               Machado Pessanha
                              (from 21 May 1783)
                           - Pedro �lvares de Andrade da
                               Cunha Azevedo e Vasconcelos
                               (from 21 May 1783)
 7 Sep 1784 -  6 Oct 1790  Jos� de Almeida e Vasconcelos      (b. 1737 - d. 1812)
                             Soveral Carvalho e Albergaria,
                             bar�o de Moss�medes (Mo��medes) 
 6 Oct 1790 -  1 Aug 1797  Manuel de Almeida e Vasconcelos,   (b. 1784 - d. 1832)
                             visconde da Lapa
 1 Aug 1797 - 24 Aug 1802  Miguel Ant�nio de Melo             (b. 1766 - d. 1836)
24 Aug 1802 -  2 Apr 1806  Fernando Ant�nio Soares de Noronha (b. 1742 - d. 1814)
 2 Apr 1806 � 29 Mar 1807  Governing Junta
                           - Joaquim Maria Mascarenhas        (b. 1753 - d. 1807)
                               Castello Branco, bispo de
                               Angola e Congo 
                           - Duarte Cabreira de Brito e
                               Arvellos
                           - Manuel Pinto Coelho
                           (interim)
29 Mar 1807 �  7 Jun 1810  Ant�nio de Saldanha da Gama        (b. 1778 - d. 1839)
 7 Jun 1810 �  3 Jul 1816  Jos� de Oliveira Barbosa,          (b. 1753 - d. 1844) 
                             visconde do Rio Comprido  
 3 Jul 1816 �  7 Sep 1819  Lu�s da Motta F�o e Torres         (b. 1769 - d. 1823)
 7 Sep 1819 - 22 Jul 1821  Manuel Vieira Tovar de Albuquerque (b. 1776 - d. 1833)
22 Jul 1821 �  6 Feb 1822  Joaquim Ign�cio de Lima            (b. 1783 - d. 1850)
 6 Feb 1822 � 24 May 1823  Jo�o Damasceno da Silva P�voas,    (b. 1780 - d. 1826)
                             bispo de Angola e Congo
                             (president of the provisional government Junta)
24 May 1823 - Jan 1824     Crist�v�o Avelino Dias
Jan 1824 - 1829            Nicolau de Abreu Castelo Branco    (b. 1781 - d. 1838)
1829 � 25 Jun 1834         Jos� Maria de Sousa Macedo Almeida (b. 1787 - d. 1872)
                             e Vasconcelos, bar�o de Santa
                             Comba D�o
25 Jun 1834 � 20 Feb 1836  Leonardo Jos� Villela              (d. 1842)
                             (president of the Government Junta)
20 Feb 1836 � 21 Aug 1836  Domingos de Saldanha Oliveira e    (b. 1800 - d. 1836)
                             Daun -Prefeito
21 Aug 1836 � Aug 1837     Governing Junta
                           - Leonardo Jos� Villela            (s.a.)
                           - Ant�nio Carlos Coutinho
                           - Fernando da Fonseca Mesquita
                               e Solla, visconde de Francos   (b. 1795 - d. 1857)  
Governors-general
Aug 1837 � 25 Jan 1839     Manuel Bernardo Vidal
25 Jan 1839 � 23 Nov 1839  Ant�nio Manuel de Noronha          (b. 1772 - d. 1860)
23 Nov 1839 - 24 Sep 1842  Manuel Eleut�rio Malheiro (acting) (b. 1793 - d. 1855)
24 Sep 1842 � 10 Jul 1843  Jos� Xavier Bressane Leite         (b. 1780 - d. 1843)
10 Jul 1843 - 23 Mar 1844  Governing Council 
                           - Carlos Augusto Franco
                           - Joaquim Ant�nio de Carvalho e
                               Menezes
                           - Lu�s Gomes Ribeiro 
                           - Ant�nio de Azevedo Galiano   
23 Mar 1844 -  6 Sep 1845  Louren�o Germack Possolo           (b. 1779 - d. 1848)
 6 Sep 1845 - 17 Aug 1848  Pedro Alexandrino da Cunha         (b. 1801 - d. 1850)
17 Aug 1848 - 26 Aug 1851  Adri�o Ac�cio da Silveira Pinto    (b. 1795 - d. 1868)
26 Aug 1851 - 19 Feb 1853  Ant�nio S�rgio de Sousa            (b. 1809 - d. 1878)
19 Feb 1853 - 29 Sep 1853  Ant�nio Ricardo Gra�a (acting)
29 Sep 1853 - 2. Mar 1854  Miguel Ximenes Rodrigues Sandoval  (b. 1806 - d. 1884)
                             de Castro e Viegas, visconde de 
                             Pinheiro
2. Mar 1854 - 18 Oct 1854  Provisional Government
                           - Joaquim de S�o Bento Moreira Reis(b. 1812 - d. 1887)
                           - Antonio Faustino dos Santos
                               Crespo
                           - Jo�o Jacinto Tavares
18 Oct 1854 -  8 Aug 1860  Jos� Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral    (b. 1808 - d. 1873)
                             (1st time)(interim to 17 Jan 1855)
 8 Aug 1860 -  7 Feb 1861  Carlos Augusto Franco
 7 Feb 1861 - 18 Sep 1862  Sebasti�o Lopes de Calheiros       (b. 1816 - d. 1899)
                             e Meneses
18 Sep 1862 - 30 Sep 1865  Jos� Baptista de Andrade           (b. 1819 - d. 1902)
                             (1st time)
30 Sep 1865 � 12 Mar 1866  Governing Council
                           - Lu�s Jos� Mendes Affonso
                             (president of governing council)
                           - Jo�o Jacintho Tavares
                           - Timotheo Pinheiro Falc�o
                           - Dami�o Ant�nio Pereira Pinto
                           - Francisco Barbosa Rodrigues
12 Mar 1866 -  6 Apr 1869  Francisco Ant�nio Gon�alves        (b. 1800 - d. 1875)
                             Cardoso
 6 Apr 1869 - 20 Jun 1870  Jos� Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
26 Jun 1870 -  4 Sep 1870  Joaquim Jos� da Gra�a              (b. 1825 - d. 1889) 
 4 Sep 1870 - 15 Mar 1873  Jos� Maria da Ponte e Horta        (b. 1824 - d. 1892)
15 Mar 1873 - 22 May 1876  Jos� Baptista de Andrade           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
22 May 1876 -  5 Jun 1876  Governing Council
                           - Thom�z Gomes de Almeida
                           - Lu�s Carlos Garcia de Miranda
                           - Miguel Gomes de Almeida (1st time)
                           - Ant�nio do Nascimento Pereira    (b. 1833 - d. 1899)
                              de Sampaio                     
 5 Jun 1876 -  1 Jul 1878  Caetano Alexandre de Almeida       (b. 1824 - d. 1894)
                             e Albuquerque
 1 Jul 1878 -  8 Jul 1880  Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses (b. 1822 - d. 1905)
 8 Jul 1880 -  7 Jun 1882  Ant�nio Eleut�rio Dantas           (b. 1835 - d. 1882)
 7 Jun 1882 - 30 Aug 1882  Governing Council
                           - Jos� Sebasti�o de Almeida Neto
                           - Miguel Gomes de Almeida (2nd time)
                              (president of governing council)
                           - Adelino Antero de S� (1st time)  (b. 1862 - d. 1887)
                           - Joaquim Jos� Coelho de Carvalho 
30 Aug 1882 - 15 Nov 1885  Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do      (b. 1844 - d. 1923)
                             Amaral
15 Nov 1885 - 27 Jan 1886  Guilherme Gomes Coelho (acting)
10 Jan 1886 - 30 Apr 1886  Governing Council
                           - Ant�nio Tom�s da Silva Leit�o e  (b. 1848 - d. 1901)
                               Castro
                              (president of governing council)
                           - Adelino Antero de S� (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                           - Onofre de Paiva Andrade  
                           - Guilherme Gomes Coelho                       
30 Apr 1886 - 25 Aug 1892  Guilherme Auguste de Brito Cap�lo  (b. 1839 - d. 1926)
                             (1st time)
25 Aug 1892 -  1 Oct 1893  Jaime L�bo de Brito Godins
                             (1st time)(acting)
 1 Oct 1893 - 21 Nov 1894  �lvaro Antonio da Costa Ferreira   (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
                             (1st time)
21 Nov 1894 � 15 Apr 1895  Francisco Eugenio Pereira de       (b. 1848 - d. 1895)
                             Miranda (acting) 
15 Apr 1895 � 14 Jun 1896  �lvaro Ant�nio da Costa Ferreira   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)           
17 Jun 1896 - 17 Feb 1897  Guilherme Auguste de Brito Cap�lo  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
17 Feb 1897 - 18 Feb 1897  Jaime L�bo de Brito Godins
                             (2nd time)(acting)
18 Feb 1897 � 13 Apr 1897  Governing Council
                           - Ant�nio Dias Ferreira
                           - Ant�nio Maria Vieira Lisboa
                           - Jos� Maria Pinto da Costa
                           - Louren�o Justiniano Padrel       (b. 1846 - d. 1911)
13 Apr 1897 - 23 Oct 1900  Ant�nio Duarte Ramada Curto        (b. 1848 - d. 1921) 
                             (1st time)
23 Oct 1900 - 26 May 1903  Francisco Xavier Cabral de         (b. 1859 - d. 1908) 
                             Moncada
26 May 1903 - 17 Mar 1904  Eduardo Augusto Ferreira da Costa  (b. 1865 - d. 1907)
                             (1st time)
17 Mar 1904 - 16 Dec 1904  Cust�dio Miguel de Borja           (b. 1849 - d. 1911)
16 Dec 1904 - 24 Mar 1906  Ant�nio Duarte Ramada Curto        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
24 Mar 1906 - 30 May 1906  Ernesto Augusto Gomes de Sousa
                             (1st time)(acting)
30 May 1906 -  1 May 1907  Eduardo Augusto Ferreira da Costa  (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time)
 1 May 1907 -  1 May 1907  Governing Council
                           - Ant�nio Barbosa Le�o
                           - Francisco A. Almeida
                           - Valeriano Jos� da Silva
 1 May 1907 � 17 Jun 1907  Ernesto Augusto Gomes de Sousa
                             (2nd time)(acting)      
17 Jun 1907 - 16 Jun 1909  Henrique Mitchell de Paiva         (b. 1861 - d. 1944)
                             Couceiro 
26 Jun 1909 - 25 Aug 1909  �lvaro Ant�nio da Costa Ferreira   (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)(acting)
25 Aug 1909 - 16 Dec 1909  Governing Council
                           - Jo�o Evangelista de Lima Vidal   (b. 1874 - d. 1958)
                             (president of governing council)
                           - Manuel Pereira Pimenta de Sousa
                               e Castro
                           - Francisco Maria Cabral de Fran�a      
16 Dec 1909 - 26 Oct 1910  Jos� Augusto Alves Ro�adas         (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
26 Oct 1910 - 18 Jan 1911  Caetano Francisco Cl�udio Eug�nio  (b. 1868 - d. 1953)
                             Gon�alves (acting)
18 Jan 1911 - 26 Feb 1912  Manuel Maria Coelho                (b. 1857 - d. 1943)
26 Feb 1912 -  7 Mar 1912  Manuel Lu�s Moreira da Fonseca     (b. 1877 - d. 19..)
                             (acting)
 7 Mar 1912 - 17 Jun 1912  Ant�nio Eduardo Romeiras de Macedo (b. 1870 - d. 1948)
17 Jun 1912 -  8 Mar 1915  Jos� Maria Mendes Ribeiro Norton   (b. 1867 - d. 1955)
                             de Matos (1st time)
14 Mar 1914 -  2 Sep 1914  Ant�nio Nogueira Mimoso Guerra     (b. 1867 - d. 1950)
                             (acting for Norton de Matos)
 8 Mar 1915 - 20 Mar 1915  M�rio Teixeira Malheiros (acting)
20 Mar 1915 - 10 Oct 1915  Ant�nio J�lio da Costa Pereira de  (b. 1852 - d. 1917)
                             E�a                            
10 Oct 1915 - 14 Oct 1915  Government Council
                           - Manuel do Sacramento Monteiro    (b. 1861 - d. 1944)
                           - Alberto Barbosa de Queir�s
                           - M�rio Teixeira Malheiros
14 Oct 1915 -  5 Apr 1916  Fernando Pais Teles de Utra        (b. 1882 - d. 1949)
                             Machado (acting)
 5 Apr 1916 - 19 Oct 1917  Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim  (b. 1862 - d. 1929)
19 Oct 1917 - 14 Sep 1918  Jaime Alberto de Castro Morais     (b. 1882 - d. 1973)
14 Sep 1918 - 10 May 1919  Filomeno da C�mara Melo Cabral     (b. 1873 - d. 1934)
                             (1st time)
10 May 1919 - 24 Jul 1919  Ant�nio Nogueira Mimoso Guerra     (s.a.)
                             (acting)
25 Jul 1919 � 29 Apr 1920  Francisco Coelho do Amaral Reis,   (b. 1873 - d. 1938)
                             visconde de Pedralva                    
29 Apr 1920 - 16 Oct 1920  Isidoro Pedro Leger Pereira Leite  (b. 1866 - d. 1944)
                             (acting)
16 Oct 1920 � 18 Mar 1921  Jos� In�cio da Silva (acting)
18 Mar 1921 - 16 Apr 1921  Jos� de Abreu Barbosa Bacelar      (b. 1866 - d. 1946)
                             (acting) 
High commissioners and Governors-general
16 Apr 1921 - 18 Sep 1923  Jos� Maria Mendes Ribeiro Norton   (s.a.)
                             de Matos (2nd time)
18 Jul 1922 - 18 Oct 1922  Miguel de Almeida Santos
                             (acting for Norton de Matos)
18 Sep 1923 � 15 Aug 1924  Miguel de Almeida Santos (acting)  
14 Aug 1924 -  6 Sep 1924  Jo�o Augusto Crispiniano Soares
 6 Sep 1924 - 10 Jun 1925  Antero Tavares de Carvalho (interim)
10 Jun 1925 - 21 Jan 1926  Francisco da Cunha R�go Chaves     (b. 1881 - d. 1941)
21 Jan 1926 - 16 Sep 1926  Artur de Sales Henriques (acting)           
16 Sep 1926 -  2 Nov 1928  Ant�nio Vicente Ferreira           (b. 1874 - d. 1953)
 5 Nov 1928 -  2 Feb 1929  Ant�nio Damas M�ra (acting)        (b. 1879 - d. 1949)
 2 Feb 1929 -  4 Mar 1930  Filomeno da C�mara Melo Cabral     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
 4 Mar 1930 � 31 Mar 1930  Genipro da Cunha de E�a Costa      (b. 1878 - d. 1945)
                              Freitas e Almeida (acting)
31 Mar 1930 �  3 Jul 1930  Bento Esteves Roma                 (b. 1884 - d. 1953)
 3 Jul 1930 -  4 Sep 1931  Jos� Dion�sio Carneiro de Sousa    (b. 1868 - d. 1962)
                             e Faro
 5 Sep 1931 � Nov 1934     Eduardo Ferreira Viana             (b. 1884 - d. 1953)
                             (acting to 4 Jan 1932)
Apr 1933 � Nov 1933        Ernesto Gon�alves Amaro            (b. 1881 - d. 1968)
                             (acting for Viana)
28 Nov 1934 - 10 Feb 1935  J�lio Garc�s de Lencastre          (b. 1882 - d. 1970)
10 Feb 1935 -  7 Jan 1939  Ant�nio Lopes Mateus               (b. 1878 - d. 1955)
Aug 1936 � Jan 1937        Vasco Lopes Alves
                             (acting for Matheus)
 7 Jan 1939 � 30 May 1939  Jos� Diogo Ferreira Martins
                             (acting)
30 May 1939 - 29 Dec 1941  Manuel da Cunha e Costa Marques    (b. 1894 - d. 1957)
                             Mano
 9 Mar 1941 - 24 Aug 1941  Abel de Abreu Sotto-Mayor          (b. 1882 - d. 1967)
                             (acting for Mano)
29 Dec 1941 -  9 May 1942  Abel de Abreu Sotto-Mayor (acting) (s.a.)
 9 May 1942 - 26 Jun 1943  �lvaro de Freitas Morna            (b. 1885 - d. 1961)
Jun 1943 - Sep 1943        Jos� Ferreira Rodrigues de       
                             Figueiredo dos Santos (acting)
Sep 1943 - Oct 1943        Manuel Pereira Figueira (acting)
Oct 1943 - Sep 1947        Vasco Lopes Alves                  (b. 1898 - d. 1976)
Sep 1947 - 19 Sep 1947     Fernando Falc�o Pacheco Mena       (b. 1897 - d. 1951)
19 Sep 1947 - 15 Aug 1955  Jos� Agapito da Silva Carvalho     (b. 1897 - d. 1957)
 1 Dec 1950 � Mar 1951     Jos� Ant�nio Fernandes
                             (acting for Carvalho)
Aug 1951 � Sep 1951        Jos� Ant�nio Fernandes
                             (acting for Carvalho)
15 Aug 1955 � 12 Sep 1955  Manuel da Cruz Alvura (1st time)
                             (acting)  
11 Sep 1955 - 17 Feb 1956  Manuel de Gusm�o de Mascarenhas    (b. 1901 - d. 1971)
                             Gaiv�o
17 Feb 1956 - Aug 1959     Hor�cio Jos� de S� Viana Rebelo    (b. 1910 - d. 1995)
Aug 1959 � 16 Feb 1960     Francisco Avelar Maia de Loureiro  (b. 1911 - d. ....)
                             (acting)
16 Feb 1960 - 14 Jun 1961  �lvaro Rodrigues da Silva Tavares  (b. 1915 - d. 2011)
Sep 1960 - Nov 1960        Gustavo Neto de Miranda            (b. 1914 - d. ....)
                             (acting for Tavares)
Jun 1961                   Manuel da Cruz Alvura (2nd time)
                             (acting for Tavares)
14 Jun 1961 � 23 Jun 1961  Carlos Miguel Lopes da Silva       (b. 1907 - d. 1961)
                             Freire (acting)
23 Jun 1961 -  8 Sep 1962  Ven�ncio Augusto Deslandes         (b. 1909 - d. 1985)
 8 Sep 1962 �  5 Nov 1962  Francisco Holbeche Fino (acting)   (b. 1898 - d. 1979)
 5 Nov 1962 - 27 Oct 1966  Silvino Silv�rio Marques (1st time)(b. 1918 - d. 2013)
27 Oct 1966 -  1 Nov 1972  Camilo Augusto de Miranda Rebocho  (b. 1920 - d. 1998)
                             Vaz
 1 Nov 1972 - 26 Apr 1974  Fernando Augusto Santos Castro     (b. 1922 - d. 1983)
26 Apr 1974 - 15 Jun 1974  Joaqu�m Franco Ant�nio Pinheiro    (b. 1915 - d. 2001)
                             (acting)
15 Jun 1974 - 24 Jul 1974  Silvino Silv�rio Marques (2nd time)(s.a.)
24 Jul 1974 - 28 Jan 1975  Ant�nio Alva Rosa Coutinho         (b. 1926 - d. 2010)
                             (president of the government junta to 29 Nov 1974)
28 Jan 1975 -  2 Aug 1975  Ant�nio da Silva Cardoso (interim) (b. 1928 - d. 2014)
 2 Aug 1975 - 26 Aug 1975  Ernesto Ant�nio Lu�s Ferreira de   (b. 1920 - d. 2009) 
                             Macedo (acting)
26 Aug 1975 - 10 Nov 1975  Leonel Alexandre Gomes Cardoso     (b. 1919 - d. 1988) 
Presidents 
11 Nov 1975 - 10 Sep 1979  Ant�nio Agostinho Neto             (s.a.)               MPLA-PT 
10 Sep 1979 - 26 Sep 2017  Jos� Eduardo dos Santos            (s.a.)               MPLA-PT 
                             (acting to 21 Sep 1979)
26 Sep 2017 -              Jo�o Manuel Gon�alves Louren�o     (b. 1954)            MPLA-PT

Presidential Council of the Transitional Government
31 Jan 1975 - 14 Aug 1975  Lopo Fortunato Ferreira do         (b. 1942)            MPLA
                             Nascimento 
                            + Jos� de Assun��o Alberto Ndele  (b. 1940 - d. 2000)  UNITA
                            + Johnny Eduardo Pinnock          (b. 1946 - d. 2000)  FNLA
                           (chairmen in rotation)
Prime ministers
11 Nov 1975 -  9 Dec 1978  Lopo Fortunato Ferreira do         (s.a.)               MPLA-PT 
                             Nascimento
 9 Dec 1978 - 19 Jul 1991  Post abolished
19 Jul 1991 -  2 Dec 1992  Fernando Jos� de Fran�a Dias       (b. 1934 - d. 2024)  MPLA-PT 
                             Van-D�nem (1st time)
 2 Dec 1992 -  8 Jun 1996  Marcolino Jos� Carlos Moco         (b. 1953)            MPLA-PT 
 8 Jun 1996 - 29 Jan 1999  Fernando Jos� de Fran�a Dias       (s.a.)               MPLA-PT 
                             Van-D�nem (2nd time)
29 Jan 1999 -  6 Dec 2002  Vacant
 6 Dec 2002 - 30 Sep 2008  Fernando "Nando" da Piedade D�as   (b. 1952 - d. 2025)  MPLA-PT
                             dos Santos
30 Sep 2008 -  5 Feb 2010  Ant�nio Paulo Kassoma              (b. 1951)            MPLA-PT
 5 Feb 2010 -              Post abolished

Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile 

[Angola - FNLA]

 5 Apr 1962                  Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (Gov�rno
                               Revolucion�rio de Angola no Ex�lio)(GRAE) founded.
11 Aug 1963 - 23 Jun 1971    Recognized as the legitimate government of Angola by the
                               Organization of African Unity (OAU).
11 Nov 1975                  Merged into the Democratic and People's Republic of Angola.

Prime minister (and from 13 Dec 1972, Chairman of Supreme Council for Liberation of Angola)
  5 Apr 1962 - 11 Nov 1975  �lvaro Holden Roberto             (b. 1923 - d. 2007)  FNLA
                             (provisional)(in L�opoldville
                             [from 1966, Kinshasa], Congo exile)

Territorial Disputes: Democratic Republic of Congo accuses Angola of shifting monuments; because the straight-line segments along the left bank (Zambian side) of the Cuando/Kwando River do not conform with the physical alignment of the unstable shoreline, Zambian residents in some areas have settled illegally on sections of shoreline that fall on the Angolan side of the boundary.

Party abbreviations: FNLA = Frente Nacional de Liberta��o para de Angola (National Front for the Liberation of Angola, northern regionalist, est.28 Mar 1962); MPLA-PT = Movimento Popular da Liberta��o de Angola - Partido de Trabalho (People's Liberation Movement of Angola-Party of Labor, social democratic, formerly Marxist-Leninist Communist Oct 1976-Dec 1990, state party Nov 1975-26 Mar 1991, est.10 Dec 1956); UNITA = Uni�o Nacional para a Independ�ncia Total de Angola (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, authoritarian/conservative, mainly ethnic Ovimbundu, est.13 Mar 1966)

Counter government: Democratic and People's Republic of Angola
   

[Angola - UNITA; Free Algeria de facto flag 1975-2002]
De facto Flag 1979 - 2002

11 Nov 1975                Democratic and People's Republic of Angola (Rep�blica Popular e
                             Democr�tica de Angola) declares independence (capitals at Ambriz
                             and Huambo to 1976, Jamba 1976-Oct 1991, Huambo 1992-9 Nov 1994,
                             Bailundo 1994 - 21 Oct 1999, and Munhango 1999-2002) under the
                             FNLA and UNITA in opposition to the MPLA backed People's Republic
                             of Angola government.
 8 Feb 1976                Angolan government forces seize Huambo.
11 Feb 1976 - 1979         Suppressed by Angolan government when it overruns FNLA positions
                              in the north and UNITA strongholds in the south.
1979                       Democratic People's Republic of Angola (Rep�blica Popular
                             Democr�tica de Angola)(restored by rebels).
31 May 1991 - 30 Nov 1992  Brief end to civil war, which resumes after disputed elections.
 6 Mar 1993 -  9 Nov 1994  Huambo re-occupied by UNITA.
20 Nov 1994                Cease-fire agreement signed at Lusaka (not fully implemented).
24 Dec 1999                Angolan government forces seize Jamba.
  4 Apr 2002                Dissolved, cease-fire ends Angolan civil war. UNITA demobilizes
                             forces Aug 2002.

Presidents of the Joint National Council for the Revolution
11 Nov 1975 - 11 Feb 1976  �lvaro Holden Roberto              (b. 1923 - d. 2007)  FNLA
                           + Jon�s Malheiro Savimbi           (b. 1934 - d. 2002)  UNITA
11 Feb 1976 - 1979         Suppressed
 Presidents of the National Council of the Revolution
1979 - 22 Feb 2002         Jon�s Malheiro Savimbi             (s.a.)               UNITA
22 Feb 2002 - 25 Feb 2002  Ant�nio Nabuco Sebasti�o Dembo     (b. 1944 - d. 2002)  UNITA
  3 Mar 2002 -  4 Apr 2002  Armindo Lucas Paulo Lukamba "Gato" (b. 1954)            UNITA
                             (chairman of managerial commission; acting)

Prime ministers
23 Nov 1975 - 11 Feb 1976  Jos� de Assun��o Alberto Ndele     (b. 1940 - d. 2000)  UNITA
                           + Johnny Eduardo Pinnock           (b. 1946 - d. 2000)  FNLA

Party abbreviations: FNLA = Frente Nacional para a Liberta��o de Angola (National Front for the Liberation of Angola, northern regionalist, est.28 Mar 1962); UNITA = Uni�o Nacional para a Independ�ncia Total de Angola (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, authoritarian, conservative, anti-communist, primarily ethnic Ovimbundu, est.13 Mar 1966)

Cabinda

[Portugal]
to 11 Nov 1975
[Angola flag]
Adopted 11 Nov 1975
Map of Cabinda
FLEC National Anthem
"Cabinda P�tria Imortal"
(Cabinda Immortal
 Homeland)
Text of  FLEC Anthem
Adopted 1975
Constitution
Capital: Cabinda City
(Tchiowa/Chioua)
(Maquela do Zambo
1917-1946)
Currency: Kwanza
(AOA)
(FELC - Republic of
 Cabinda Ibinda)
FLEC National Holiday: 
1 Aug (1975)
Dia da Independ�ncia
(Independence Day)
Population: 903,370 (2024)
81,000 (1971)
GDP: $N/A
(included within Angola figures)
Ethnic groups: Bakongo, Ibinda, Lindji, Oyo,
Kotchi, Yombe, Sundi, Lumbo, Mayombe, others
FLEC Armed Forces: 600,
claims 5,000 (2002) 
Religions: mainly Roman Catholic, Protestant,
traditional beliefs
International Organizations: None; FLEC: UNPO (1997-2011)
Exile Government
(1967-1976)
29 Sep 1883                Cabinda a Portuguese protectorate (Portuguese Congo [Congo
                             portugu�s]).
14 Feb 1885                Portuguese possession confirmed by the Berlin Conference.
18 Jul 1885                Portuguese Congo district created (seat: Cabinda).
31 May 1887                Cabinda constituted as a circunscri��o administrativa within the
                             Congo district, having a its own special resident.
1919                       Made a separate district of Cabinda (distrito de Cabinda).
 4 May 1921                Angola divided into 11 districts (subdivided into circunscri�o�s),
                             Cabinda re-incorporated into the Congo district (by carta
                             org�nica da prov�ncia).
Mar 1922                   District of Zaire (Distrito do Zaire) created, the Intendancy of
                             Cabinda becomes part of the Zaire district.
1930                       Intendancy of Zaire and Cabinda (Intend�ncia do Zaire e Cabinda).
1932                       With the integration of districts of Zaire and Congo, the
                             Intendancy of Cabinda becomes directly dependent on the
                             governor-general of Angola.
19 Mar 1933                The new Portuguese fundamental law maintains distinction
                             between Angola and Cabinda among its overseas provinces.
 1 Jul 1934                Angola divided into 14 districts (by reforma administrativa
                             ultramarina)(Distrito de Cabinda).
1936                       Angola divied into 5 provinces: Luanda (districts: Luanda, Cuanza
                             Norte, Congo, Zaire and Cabinda), Malanje, Benguela, Bi�, Hula.
 4 Jul 1946                District of Cabinda (distrito de Cabinda) restored.
28 May 1956                Cabinda administratively incorporated into Angola (by decreto N.
                             35 733).
10 Jan 1967                FLEC establishes a Cabindan Provisional Revolutionary Government
                            (Governo Provis�rio Revolucion�rio Fiote no Ex�lio) at Tshela
                             in Congo (Kinshasa) exile.
19 Sep 1974                MPLA announced the annexation of the Cabinda region to Angola.
 1 Nov 1974                MPLA occupies Cabinda city.
15 Jan 1975                Portugal meets with Angolan factions (MPLA, FNLA and UNITA) and
                             under Alvor Agreement all recognize Cabinda as part of Angola.
 1 Aug 1975                Independence is declared by FLECLEC-Rouge (Republic of Cabinda
                             [Rep�blica de Cabinda/Kilansi kia cabinda]) in exile
                             (not recognized by the other Angolan factions or Portugal).
 1 Nov 1975                Luis Ranque Franque, and his FLEC faction in Kinshasa, declare the
                             independence of the Cabinda enclave from Angola and Portugal
                             (not effected).      
11 Nov 1975                Cabinda part of independent Angola (Province of Cabinda [Prov�ncia
                             de Cabinda]).
Nov 1975 - 1991            Cuban soldiers deployed in support of Angola's MPLA government. 
 4 Jan 1976                Angola (MPLA) government forces complete occupation of Cabinda.
 1 May 1977                Cabindan independence again declared by Henriques Tiago Nzita's
                             FLEC faction (with no effect).
16 Oct 1977                "Independent State of Liberated Areas of Cabinda" declared by
                             Luis Franque's FLEC faction (with no effect).
 1 Aug 2006                Angolan government signs Namibe agreement with the Cabinda Forum
                             for Dialogue involving a "special status" for Cabinda, within
                             the limits of Angola's centralized constitution (not recognized
                             by all of FLEC or other factions). 
 2 Feb 2026                FLEC-FAC proclaims the independence of Cabinda from exile
                             (without effect).
Residents in Cabinda
1885 - 1886                Jaime Pereira de Sampaio Forjaz    (b. 1855 - d. 1921)
                              de Serpa Pimentel 
1890 - 1892                Jos� Ant�nio de Miranda 
                             (did not take office)
1892 - 1897                Jo�o Francisco Nunes
1897                       Lu�s Gonzaga Ribeiro               (b. 1864 - d. 1927)
1899                       Henrique Quirino da Fonseca        (b. 1868 - d. 1939)
Governors of Congo district
14 Jul 1887 - 17 Sep 1888  Jos� Ant�nio de Brissac das        (b. 1846 - d. 1902)
                             Neves Ferreira
 17 Sep 1888 - 30 Apr 1889  Francisco Eugenio Pereira da
                             Trindade (1st time)(acting)
30 Apr 1889 - 18 Jan 1890  Ant�nio d'Azevedo e Vasconcelos 
18 Jan 1890 - 22 Mar 1890  Francisco Eugenio Pereira da
                             Trindade (2nd time)(acting)
22 Mar 1890 - 19 May 1893  Ant�nio S�rgio de Sousa            (b. 1842 - d. 1906)
19 May 1893 -  8 Jun 1893  Francisco Carneiro (acting)
 8 Jun 1893 - 20 Mar 1895  Nuno de Freitas Queriol (1st time) (b. 1855 - d. 1924)
20 Mar 1895 -  1 May 1895  Joaquim Alc��ovas de Sousa         (b. 1841 - d. ....)
                             Chichorro (acting)
 1 May 1895 - 30 Apr 1896  Jaime Pereira de Sampaio Forjaz    (s.a.)
                              de Serpa Pimenta
 1 May 1896 - 10 Jun 1896  Ernesto Augusto Gomes de Sousa 
                             (1st time)
10 Jun 1896 - Nov 1896     Nuno de Freitas Queriol (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Nov 1896 - Mar 1897     Joaquim da Gra�a Correia e Lan�a   (b. 1856 - d. 1900)
 5 Mar 1897 - 12 Sep 1897  Ernesto Augusto Gomes de Sousa 
                             (2nd time)
12 Sep 1897 -  9 Oct 1897  Lu�s Gonzaga Ribeiro (acting)      (s.a.)
 9 Oct 1897 - 10 Nov 1900  Lu�s Bernardino Leit�o Xavier      (b. 1954 - d. 1914)
19 Sep 1900 - 19 Oct 1900  Joaquim Ferreira Moutinho
                             (did not take office)
 19 Oct 1900 - 30 Oct 1900  Jo�o Maria d'Aguiar
                             (did not take office)
 1 Nov 1900 - 17 Mar 1901  Augusto Pereira do Valle (interim)
30 Nov 1900                Jaime da Fonseca Monteiro          (b. 1870 - d. 1938)
                             (did not take office)
17 Mar 1901 - 1901         Pedro d'Azevedo Coutinho
12 Sep 1901 - 1901         Ra�l Correia de Betancourt Furtado 
                             (interim)
 1901 - 1902                Jo�o dos Santos Pereira Jardim     (b. 1860 - d. 19..)
 Governors of the District of Cabinda
 1946 - 1949                Ra�l de Lima 
1949 - 1956                Ismael Pais
1956                       Jo�o Baptista Duarte Pinheira
1956 - 1957                Jaime Ant�nio Tavares Machado
                             Banazol
1957 - 1958                Norberto Augusto Lopes
1959 - 1961                Jos� Paulo Paix�o Barradas         (b. 1916 - d. ....)
1962 - 1964                J�lio de Ara�jo Ferreira           (b. 1905 - d. 1995)
1964 - 1965                Artur Jo�o Cabral Carmona          (b. 1916 - d. 1978)
 6 Aug 1965 - 1966         Adriano Augusto Pires              (b. 1908 - d. 1990)
1966 - 1968                Jo�o Tiroa                         (b. 1912 - d. 1997)
Feb 1968 - 1970            Am�rico Agostinho de Mendon�a      (b. 1914 - d. 1997)
                             Fraz�o (acting to 12 Jun 1968)
20 Apr 1970 - 1971         Eurico Ferreira Gon�alves          (b. 1916 - d. 2005)
 1 Sep 1971 - 1973         Jo�o Ant�nio Pinheiro              (b. 1921 - d. 2009) 
1973 - 1974                Manuel Freire Themudo Barata       (b. 1919 - d. 2003)
Jun 1974 - Oct 1974        Eurico Ferreira Gon�alves          (b. 1916 - d. 2005)
Oct 1974 - Dec 1974        Jos� Lopes Alves                   (b. 1924 - d. 2018)
Commissioner of 2nd Political-Military Region
1974 - 1975                Pedro Maria Tonha "Pedal�"         (b. 1941 - d. 1995)  Mil/MPLA
Provincial Commissioners of Cabinda Province
19 Nov 1975 - 1978         Evaristo Domingos "Kimba"          (b. 1944 - d. 2011)  MPLA-PT
 2 Jan 1979 - 1980         Lu�s Doukui Paulo de Castro        (b. 1940 - d. 2005)  MPLA-PT
15 Aug 1980 - 1982         Manuel Francisco Tuta "Batalha de  (b. 1943)            MPLA-PT
                             Angola" 
30 Sep 1982 - 1984         Armando Fandamo Ndembo                                  MPLA-PT
16 Oct 1984 - 1989         Jorge Barros Chimpuati (Tchimpuaty)(b. 1943 - d. 2011)  MPLA-PT
23 Oct 1989 - 1990         Maria Mambo Caf� (f)               (b. 1945 - d. 2013)  MPLA-PT
Jan 1990 -  6 Aug 1991     Augusto da Silva Tom�s             (b. 1957)            MPLA-PT
Governors of Cabinda Province
 6 Aug 1991 - 1995         Augusto da Silva Tom�s             (s.a.)               MPLA-PT
15 Sep 1995 - 2002         Jos� Amaro Tati                    (b. 1957)            MPLA-PT 
 1 Sep 2002 - 2009         Jos� An�bal Lopes Rocha            (b. 1948)            MPLA-PT
 1 Dec 2009 - 2012         Mawete Jo�o Baptista               (b. 1968)            MPLA-PT
30 Jul 2012 - 2017         Aldina Matilde Barros da Lomba     (b. 1964)            MPLA-PT
                             Katembo (f)
31 Aug 2017 - 2019         Eug�nio C�sar Laborinho            (b. 1955)            MPLA-PT
 9 Nov 2019 - 2022         Marcos Alexandre Nhunga            (b. 1960)            MPLA-PT
26 Aug 2022 - 14 Jul 2024  Mara Regina da Silva Baptista      (b. 1980)            MPLA-PT
                             Domingos Quiosa (f)
15 Jul 2024 -              Suzana Fernanda Pemba Massiala de  (b. 1972)            MPLA-PT
                             Abreu (f)                                   
 

Republic of Cabinda Governments in Exile 

[Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda 1974 flag]
FLEC flag from 1974


Presidents
10 Aug 1974 - Mar 1975     (Jos�) Auguste Tchioufou                                FLEC-Rouge
                             (in Pointe-Noire, Congo [Brazzaville] exile)
Mar 1975 - Aug 1975        Alfred Raoul                       (b. 1938 - d. 1999)  FLEC-Rouge
                             (in Pointe-Noire, Congo [Brazzaville] exile) 
 1 Aug 1975 - Jan 1976     Lu�s Ranque Franque                (b. 1925 - d. 2007)  FLEC
                             (in Congo [Kinshasa] exile)
Chairman of the Cabindan Revolutionary Committee
 1 Nov 1975 - Jan 1976     Henriques Tiago N'Zita             (b. 1927 - d. 2016)  FLEC-FAC
                             (in opposition; in Pointe-Noire, Congo [Brazzaville] exile)

Prime minister of the Provisional Revolutionary Government
10 Jan 1967 - Jul 1975     Pedro Simba Macosso                (b. 1927)            FLEC
                            (in Tshela, Congo [Kinshasa] exile)
Prime minister of the Republic of Cabinda
Jul 1975 - Jan 1976        Francisco Xavier Lubota            (b. 1942? - d. 2006) FLEC
                            (provisional to 1 Aug 1975; in Congo [Kinshasa] exile)

Party abbreviations: FELC = Frente de Liberta��o do Enclave de Cabinda (Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda, separatist movement for national liberation of Cabinda, split 1976-Sep 2004 into FLEC-FAC, and FLEC-Renovada, est.4 Aug 1963); FLEC-FAC = Frente de Liberta��o do Enclave de Cabinda-For�as Armadas de Cabinda (Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Armed Forces of Cabinda, Henriques Tiago N'Zita personalist, split from FLEC, 1975-Sep 2004, merged into FLEC); FLEC-Rouge = Front de Lib�ration de l'Enclave du Cabinda-Rouge (Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Red, split from FLEC, supported by Soci�t� Elf-Erap [a Franco-Congolese oil company] and Congo [Brazzaville], 30 Jun 1974-c.1981); MPLA-PT = Movimento Popular da Liberta��o de Angola - Partido de Trabalho (People's Liberation Movement of Angola-Party of Labor, social democratic, formerly Marxist-Leninist Communist Oct 1976-Dec 1990, state party Nov 1975-26 Mar 1991, est.10 Dec 1956)





� Ben Cahoon