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What is Tainted Data?
In large programs, especially when heavy abstraction is involved, it's sometimes impossible to tell where your data is coming from. Consider the following situation: a server application takes user input from a client and does some processing. It then offloads some of this processing (for example, resizing an image file) to an external program using the backtick operator. The command passed to the operating system is partially comprised of input from the client, which cannot be trusted. A pCollections: Arrays, Hashes and Enumerable
Most languages have the concept of a "collection," or objects that hold other objects. In Ruby, the basic collections are Arrays (a list of elements) and a Hash (a map of keys to values). While they don't share a common ancestor in the class hierarchy, they both include the Enumerable module, and all share a similar API.
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