If you worked only with a provided harddisk-file, this implies for me that you created the VM yourself. The default network-setting for new VMs is "NAT" so you have to create a NAT-Rule, routing the host's port 22 to the VMs port 22.
I don't know about MacOS, but under Linux, you'd have to use a port > 1024. I usually use ports starting with 10000 and the respective service-port. In your case, I'd make a mapping of 10022 -> 22. For the host-side I use 127.0.0.1 and for the guest-side 0.0.0.0 as addresses in the host-column.