There is a blkid command which may be what you are looking for. Results are similar to the following:
$ sudo blkid /dev/mapper/vg_rootdisk-lv_var
/dev/mapper/vg_rootdisk-lv_var: LABEL="LV_VAR" UUID="08520908-03cd-4e42-a4e4-0f5a771be16c" TYPE="ext4"
One other option is to use the udevadm command, which likely will give you far more than you need:
$ sudo udevadm info --query=all --name=/dev/mapper/vg_rootdisk-lv_var
