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  • Am I correct if I say that /usr/bin/login, /usr/bin/sudo, /usr/bin/su, /usr/bin/ssh, etc., are examples of applications that may (or may not) use the crypt or PAM? Commented Sep 2, 2023 at 18:51
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    @JLC, in practice, all the programs you mention support PAM. (Well -- it's the SSH daemon, so sshd, that's responsible for PAM support, not the client; but presuming the daemon is what you mean...) Commented Sep 2, 2023 at 19:46
  • sshd is a special case 'cos it can optionally use PAM or not (the usePAM entry in sshd_config). If you do an ls /etc/pam.d you'll see lots of entries (eg su, sudo, screen, passwd, login and more). These are the PAM configs for those programs. Commented Sep 2, 2023 at 20:38
  • So brushing GUI under the carpet for the moment, what have we got: getty calls login and login uses PAM? Commented Sep 3, 2023 at 7:21
  • @MarkMorganLloyd Yeah. We can see login uses PAM by seeing that it uses libpam; eg. % ldd /bin/login | grep libpam libpam.so.0 => /lib64/libpam.so.0 (0x00007f87be58e000) libpam_misc.so.0 => /lib64/libpam_misc.so.0 (0x00007f87be38a000) Commented Sep 3, 2023 at 12:24