If CONFIG_KALLSYMS is enabled, built-in drivers can be disabled by disabling their init function. For uvcvideo (which is likely to be the driver used for your webcam), add
initcall_blacklist=uvc_video_init
to your kernel’s command line.
If it isn’t, you won’t be able to disable only your webcam using kernel command line parameters, but you can control your webcam at run-time; find its entry in /sys/bus/usb/devices, and write 0 to the corresponding authorized file, e.g.
echo 0 | sudo tee /sys/bus/usb/devices/1-8/authorized
Write 1 to enable the camera again.
You can use USBGuard to provide control over all your USB devices, including your webcam.