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swapon(8): "truncate(1) create files with holes. These files will be rejected by swapon." I normally usefallocateinstead. However: "files created by fallocate(1) may be interpreted as files with holes too depending of the filesystem." Not sure what FSes that's referring to, but it's at least not a problem with ext4.ddwith reasonable parameters definitely works, so I'll just edit out the truncate stuff.swaponwill directly map the blocks as swap, completely bypassing the filesystem, so all the blocks must exist (this is what holes interferes with). If you're using a loopback device, then any access will necessarily not be "direct".