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-b256andbs=512, the output was identical to whatbbehad given me. The manual says-bsends at most such-and-such number of bytes per step. Whenddrequests 512 bytes, will it always get exactly 256? If for any reason it gets less then the output will go out of sync. Doestype=2guarantee this exactness maybe?type=2is a sort of "packet" mode, where each write made towards dd keeps its structure, so a dd read larger than the packet will only get one packet, thus preserving the "structure". If you provide your file as stdin to socat (as in<myfile socat -u ...), then socat will always be able to read the 256 bytes it is asked to. If you use a pipe, as in my example, and the command you are using to fill the pipe is only sending a few bytes at a time, socat might not get the full 256 bytes, and so will send a short packet to dd. So just ensure you provide your file as stdin directly.socatis a powerful tool but I didn't know this trick. Thanks. +1.