This should work for bash:
for filename in *.fasta; do
index=00$index="00${filename%_*}"
addme=$addme="${index:((-3)):3}"
sed "s/^>/>$addme-/g" 1_nc.fasta>$addme_tagged"$filename" > "$addme"_tagged.fasta
done
The trick was to expand the index to three-digit. Then you need " instead of ' to allow for expansion of $addme