For the sake of completeness, here's how to do this for the most common package managers (slightly adapted from here):

1. Debian and its derivatives

   • Installed packages:

      dpkg -S /path/to/file
     

     or

      dlocate /path/to/file
     

   • All available packages

     Install apt-file and build its database:

       sudo apt-get install apt-file && apt-file update
     

     Then, search for all packages available in the distribution's repositories (installed or not) that provide the file of interest:

       apt-file search /path/to/file
     

2. Red Hat/Fedora

   • Installed packages:

       rpm -qf /path/to/file
     

   • All available packages:

       yum whatprovides
     

3. SUSE/openSUSE, all other RPM-based distributions

    rpm -qf /path/to/file
   

4. Arch

    pacman -Qo /path/to/file
   

5. Gentoo

    equery belongs /path/to/file
   

Here's how to do this for the most common package managers (slightly adapted from here):

1. Debian and its derivatives

   • Installed packages:

      dpkg -S /path/to/file
     

     or

      dlocate /path/to/file
     

   • All available packages

     Install apt-file and build its database:

       sudo apt-get install apt-file && apt-file update
     

     Then, search for all packages available in the distribution's repositories (installed or not) that provide the file of interest:

       apt-file search /path/to/file
     

2. Red Hat/Fedora

   • Installed packages:

       rpm -qf /path/to/file
     

   • All available packages:

       yum whatprovides
     

3. SUSE/openSUSE, all other RPM-based distributions

    rpm -qf /path/to/file
   

4. Arch

    pacman -Qo /path/to/file
   

5. Gentoo

    equery belongs /path/to/file