You can specify the ports used by LLDB-server as such:
lldb-server platform --listen "*:31166" --server --min-gdbserver-port 31200 --max-gdbserver-port 31300
And of course you need to expose those ports in your Dockerfile:
EXPOSE 31166
EXPOSE 31200-31300
And also when you run the container:
docker run --privileged --name vapor-server -p 8080:8080 -p 31166:31166 -p 31200-31300:31200-31300 vapor-image
Please note you need to run the docker as privileged (--privileged option), otherwise attaching the debugger will fail with an Operation not Permitted error.