Postgres stores data in files in its data directory. Follow the steps below to go to a database and its files:
The database corresponding to a postgresql table file is a directory. The location of the entire data directory can be obtained by running SHOW data_directory.
in a UNIX like OS (eg: Mac) /Library/PostgreSQL/9.4/data
Go inside the base folder in the data directory which has all the database folders: /Library/PostgreSQL/9.4/data/base
Find the database folder name by running (Gives an integer. This is the database folder name):
SELECT oid from pg_database WHERE datname = <database_name>;
Find the table file name by running (Gives an integer. This is the file name):
SELECT relname, relfilenode FROM pg_class WHERE relname = <table_name>;
This is a binary file. File details such as size and creation date time can be obtained as usual. For more info read this SO threadread this SO thread