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lang-py
abcmodule. About the second part of your answer: I like its simplicity, compared to having a formal capabilities class. But then, when using the object it ends up doing duck typing, right? You cannot ask for a specific capability using a common API call. I am writing a framework, and thus I am not very comfortable with forcing framework users to do duck typing on the framework objectsassert hasattr(foo, 'some_property'). But sometimes explicit methods are better. I've added an example for querying available capabilities in an MI-safe manner. Which approach is appropriate will depend on the exact purpose of your framework. I tend towards low-magic, more-explicit approaches.mixinapproach. In order to ensure capabilities - in the inheritance scenario you can use type checking - likeisinstanceofwhich makes it a bit clearer to define intention. Composition is probably more appropriate to express a scenario for multiple unrelated capabilities, but I would go with a pulgin approach, providing a cleaner way to expand (which will require less boilerplate code than the example provided). In any case, love the answer.