CSS "display:table" does not change the semantics of any element. The "functionality" effects you describe are just visual layout effects, which is the domain of CSS.
You are correct that element sizes outside of the parent-child relationships can effect each other when using table-layout. This is the whole point of table layouts in a nutshell. Other layout properties like float also affect the placement and sizing of other elements outside of parents/children. The effect is purely visual layout - its not like styling an element as a table suddenly turns another element from a formform into an imagea script. There are no semantic effects on other elements.
Vertical alignment and border collapse are also purely visual effects, and again there are many other examples where the css display model will affect the interpretation of other css properties. I.e. changing the displaydisplay from 'inline' to 'block' or to 'inline-block' will change how border, padding and margins are interpreted.
All of the available values of the displaydisplay-property can be said to switch the layout into a different mode which affect many other css properties.