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Python2 - 163 134 bytes

import re
def f(s):
 for x in re.findall(r'("[^\n]*"(?!\\))|(//[^\n]*$|/(?!\\)\*[\s\S]*?\*(?!\\)/)',s,8):s=s.replace(x[1],'')
 print s

Example:

Python 2.7.9 (default, Dec 11 2014, 04:42:00) 
[GCC 4.9.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import re
>>> def f(s):
...  for x in re.findall(r'("[^\n]*"(?!\\))|(//[^\n]*$|/(?!\\)\*[\s\S]*?\*(?!\\)/)',s,8):s=s.replace(x[1],'')
...  print s
... 
>>> code = r'''#include <stdio.h>
... 
... int main(int argc, char** argv)
... {
...     // this comment will be removed
...     if (argc > 1) {
...         printf("Too many arguments.\n");   // this too will be removed
...         return 1;
...     }
...     printf("Please vist http://this.will.not.be.removed.com\n");
...     printf("/* This will stay */\n");
...     printf("\"/* This will stay too */\"\n");
...     printf("//and so will this\\");
...     // but not this
...     printf("just \"ano//ther\" test.");
...     return 0;
... }
... /*
...     this shall disappear
... */
... #include <string>
... int main(int argc, char** argv)
... {
...     string foo = ""/*remove that!**/;
...     // Remove /* this
...     int butNotThis = 42;
...     // But do */ remove this
...     int bar = 4 /*remove this*/* 3; // but don't remove that 3. */
...     return 0;//just a comment
... }/*end of the file has been reached.*/'''
>>> f(code)
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    
    if (argc > 1) {
        printf("Too many arguments.\n");   
        return 1;
    }
    printf("Please vist http://this.will.not.be.removed.com\n");
    printf("/* This will stay */\n");
    printf("\"/* This will stay too */\"\n");
    printf("//and so will this\\");
    
    printf("just \"ano//ther\" test.");
    return 0;
}

#include <string>
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    string foo = "";
    
    int butNotThis = 42;
    
    int bar = 4 * 3; 
    return 0;
}